{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T09:08:46Z","timestamp":1762506526579,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,3]],"date-time":"2015-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1428019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)","award":["16ES0058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16ES0058"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We present a miniaturized, disposable, normally-closed electromagnetic dispensing valve for the microliter range to process 96-well plates. The novel injection-molded valve is designed to fit into a 9 mm grid to realize an eight channel dispensing head, enabling the serial processing of well plates row-by-row. The presented dispensing valve design originates from a miniaturization study of a previously developed functional model. The outer diameter of the valve, including all actuating components, was reduced by 8 mm to an overall diameter of 8.5 mm without compromising the performance. Additionally, the actuation current of the valve could be reduced to 5 A. The valve is characterized for a volume range between 840 nL and 5.3 \u03bcL. The performance of the injection molded valve is competitive to commercially available dispensing valves, featuring the advantages of low fabrication costs, disposability, low mounting size, easy handling, and super silent actuation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi6040423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,7]],"date-time":"2015-04-07T03:47:46Z","timestamp":1428378466000},"page":"423-436","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A Disposable Dispensing Valve for Non-Contact Microliter Applications in a 96-Well Plate Format"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Kartmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK-Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Koltay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK-Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"BioFluidix GmbH, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roland","family":"Zengerle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK-Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Ernst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK-Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"BioFluidix GmbH, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2012.12.001","article-title":"Quantitative characterization of non-contact microdispensing technologies for the sub-microliter range","volume":"18","author":"Bammesberger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jala.2004.08.008","article-title":"PipeJet: A Simple Disposable Dispenser for the Nano- and Microliter Range","volume":"9","author":"Streule","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Lab. Autom."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6446(99)01388-4","article-title":"Microdispensing technologies in drug discovery","volume":"4","author":"Rose","year":"1999","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015011","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/20\/1\/015011","article-title":"Development and characterization of a cartridge-type pneumatic dispenser with an integrated backflow stopper","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3390\/mi4010009","article-title":"A Low-Cost, Normally Closed, Solenoid Valve for Non-Contact Dispensing in the Sub-\u03bcL Range","volume":"4","author":"Bammesberger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Micromachines"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1177\/2211068211435302","article-title":"Automatic Liquid Handling for Life Science: A Critical Review of the Current State of the Art","volume":"17","author":"Kong","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Lab. Autom."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2996","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2009.2016088","article-title":"Force and stiffness of passive magnetic bearings using permanent magnets. Part 1: Axial magnetization","volume":"45","author":"Ravaud","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechatronics.2014.02.005","article-title":"Multi physics network simulation of a solenoid dispensing valve","volume":"24","author":"Mutschler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mechatronics"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Avison, J. (1989). The World of Physics, Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025301","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/24\/2\/025301","article-title":"Novel gravimetric measurement technique for quantitative volume calibration in the sub-microliter range","volume":"24","author":"Liang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, D.Q. (2008). Encyclopedia of Microfluidics and Nanofluidics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-48998-8"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"SLI-Flow Meters for Life Science and Automation. Available online: http:\/\/www.sensirion.com\/en\/products\/liquid-flow-sensors\/industry-laboratory-devices\/sli-universal-flow-meter\/."}],"container-title":["Micromachines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-666X\/6\/4\/423\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:44:19Z","timestamp":1760215459000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-666X\/6\/4\/423"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,3]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]}},"alternative-id":["mi6040423"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mi6040423","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-666X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-666X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,3]]}}}