{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T05:57:49Z","timestamp":1769752669215,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,10]],"date-time":"2015-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1436486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work we present a high performance micro gas chromatograph column with a novel two dimensional axial heating technique for faster and more precise temperature programming, resulting in an improved separation performance. Three different axial resistive heater designs were simulated theoretically on a 3.0 m \u00d7 300 \u03bcm \u00d7 50 \u03bcm column for the highest temperature gradient on a 22 by 22 \u03bcm column. The best design was then micro-fabricated and evaluated experimentally. The simulation results showed that simultaneous temperature gradients in time and distance along the column are possible by geometric optimization of the heater when using forced convection. The gradients along the column continuously refocused eluting bands, offsetting part of the chromatographic band spreading. The utility of this method was further investigated for a test mixture of three hydrocarbons (hexane, octane, and decane).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi6070865","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,13]],"date-time":"2015-07-13T03:49:22Z","timestamp":1436759362000},"page":"865-878","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["All Silicon Micro-GC Column Temperature Programming Using Axial Heating"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Milad","family":"Navaei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30324, USA"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Mahdavifar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30324, USA"}]},{"given":"Jean-Marie","family":"Dimandja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Spelman College, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"McMurray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Processing Center, Georgia Tech Research Institute (GTRI), Atlanta, GA 30318, USA"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Hesketh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30324, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1109\/T-ED.1979.19791","article-title":"A gas chromatographic air analyzer fabricated on a silicon wafer","volume":"26","author":"Terry","year":"1979","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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