{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T10:36:12Z","timestamp":1776854172187,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,28]],"date-time":"2016-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51375440"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51375440"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As a pump-free and lightweight analytical tool, paper-based microfluidic analytical devices (\u03bcPADs) attract more and more interest. If the flow speed of \u03bcPAD can be programmed, the analytical sequences could be designed and they will be more popular. This reports presents a novel \u03bcPAD, driven by the capillary force of cellulose powder, printed by a desktop three-dimensional (3D) printer, which has some promising features, such as easy fabrication and programmable flow speed. First, a suitable size-scale substrate with open microchannels on its surface is printed. Next, the surface of the substrate is covered with a thin layer of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to seal the micro gap caused by 3D printing. Then, the microchannels are filled with a mixture of cellulose powder and deionized water in an appropriate proportion. After drying in an oven at 60 \u00b0C for 30 min, it is ready for use. As the different channel depths can be easily printed, which can be used to achieve the programmable capillary flow speed of cellulose powder in the microchannels. A series of microfluidic analytical experiments, including quantitative analysis of nitrite ion and fabrication of T-sensor were used to demonstrate its capability. As the desktop 3D printer (D3DP) is very cheap and accessible, this device can be rapidly printed at the test field with a low cost and has a promising potential in the point-of-care (POC) system or as a lightweight platform for analytical chemistry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi7070108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,29]],"date-time":"2016-06-29T06:20:33Z","timestamp":1467181233000},"page":"108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["3D Printed Paper-Based Microfluidic Analytical Devices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9099-0831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen-Bin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian-Zhong","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78109","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA09188H","article-title":"Fabrication of paper-based microfluidic analysis devices: A review","volume":"5","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200603817","article-title":"Patterned paper as a platform for inexpensive, low-volume, portable bioassays","volume":"46","author":"Martinez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Angew. 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