{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T11:37:30Z","timestamp":1772969850778,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":311,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,8]],"date-time":"2016-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1473292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Development of predictive multi-organ models before implementing costly clinical trials is central for screening the toxicity, efficacy, and side effects of new therapeutic agents. Despite significant efforts that have been recently made to develop biomimetic in vitro tissue models, the clinical application of such platforms is still far from reality. Recent advances in physiologically-based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PBPK-PD) modeling, micro- and nanotechnology, and in silico modeling have enabled single- and multi-organ platforms for investigation of new chemical agents and tissue-tissue interactions. This review provides an overview of the principles of designing microfluidic-based organ-on-chip models for drug testing and highlights current state-of-the-art in developing predictive multi-organ models for studying the cross-talk of interconnected organs. We further discuss the challenges associated with establishing a predictive body-on-chip (BOC) model such as the scaling, cell types, the common medium, and principles of the study design for characterizing the interaction of drugs with multiple targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi7090162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,8]],"date-time":"2016-09-08T10:08:36Z","timestamp":1473329316000},"page":"162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Microfluidic-Based Multi-Organ Platforms for Drug Discovery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Rezaei Kolahchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nima","family":"Khadem Mohtaram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Innovations in MicroEngineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Pezeshgi Modarres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran 11155-9516, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Armin","family":"Geraili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran 11155-9516, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Parya","family":"Jafari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran 11155-9516, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Akbari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Innovations in MicroEngineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Sanati-Nezhad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Center for Bioengineering Research and Education, Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1002\/wcms.1240","article-title":"In silico toxicology: Computational methods for the prediction of chemical toxicity","volume":"6","author":"Raies","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. 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