{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T15:28:28Z","timestamp":1760369308371,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,23]],"date-time":"2016-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1474588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a new method for a vibration-based piezoelectric energy harvesting system using a backtracking search algorithm (BSA)-based proportional-integral (PI) voltage controller. This technique eliminates the exhaustive conventional trial-and-error procedure for obtaining optimized parameter values of proportional gain (Kp), and integral gain (Ki) for PI voltage controllers. The generated estimate values of Kp and Ki are executed in the PI voltage controller that is developed through the BSA optimization technique. In this study, mean absolute error (MAE) is used as an objective function to minimize output error for a piezoelectric energy harvesting system (PEHS). The model for the PEHS is designed and analyzed using the BSA optimization technique. The BSA-based PI voltage controller of the PEHS produces a significant improvement in minimizing the output error of the converter and a robust, regulated pulse-width modulation (PWM) signal to convert a MOSFET switch, with the best response in terms of rise time and settling time under various load conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi7100171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,23]],"date-time":"2016-09-23T07:32:37Z","timestamp":1474615957000},"page":"171","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A New Method for a Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting System Using a Backtracking Search Algorithm-Based PI Voltage Controller"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Mahidur","family":"Sarker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and System Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Azah","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and System Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Ramizi","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and System Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.3390\/mi6101439","article-title":"Manufacturing and characterization of a thermoelectric energy harvester sing the CMOS-MEMS technology","volume":"6","author":"Peng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Micromachines"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.3390\/mi6030312","article-title":"A nonlinear suspended energy harvester for a tire pressure monitoring system","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Micromachines"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.3390\/mi6080984","article-title":"An electromagnetic MEMS energy harvester array with multiple vibration modes","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Micromachines"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2519845","article-title":"UR-SolarCap: An open source intelligent auto-wakeup solar energy harvesting system for supercapacitor-based energy buffering","volume":"4","author":"Hassanalieragh","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2015.2459014","article-title":"Toward harvesting vibration energy from multiple directions by a nonlinear compressive-mode piezoelectric transducer","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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