{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T02:31:57Z","timestamp":1779330717662,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,2]],"date-time":"2016-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016R1C1B2009798"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016R1C1B2009798"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016M3C7A1904343"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016M3C7A1904343"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Developed over approximately half a century, neural probe technology is now a mature technology in terms of its fabrication technology and serves as a practical alternative to the traditional microwires for extracellular recording. Through extensive exploration of fabrication methods, structural shapes, materials, and stimulation functionalities, neural probes are now denser, more functional and reliable. Thus, applications of neural probes are not limited to extracellular recording, brain-machine interface, and deep brain stimulation, but also include a wide range of new applications such as brain mapping, restoration of neuronal functions, and investigation of brain disorders. However, the biggest limitation of the current neural probe technology is chronic reliability; neural probes that record with high fidelity in acute settings often fail to function reliably in chronic settings. While chronic viability is imperative for both clinical uses and animal experiments, achieving one is a major technological challenge due to the chronic foreign body response to the implant. Thus, this review aims to outline the factors that potentially affect chronic recording in chronological order of implantation, summarize the methods proposed to minimize each factor, and provide a performance comparison of the neural probes developed for chronic applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi7100179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,3]],"date-time":"2016-10-03T10:17:01Z","timestamp":1475489821000},"page":"179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Neural Probes for Chronic Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Geon","family":"Kook","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Materials Engineering, Korea Polytechnic University, Siheung 15073, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Il-Joo","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for BioMicrosystems, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyunjoo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S57","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-1931(00)00017-3","article-title":"Electrophysiology of dopamine in normal and denervated striatal neurons","volume":"23","author":"Calabresi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1039\/c3lc41364k","article-title":"SU-8 based microprobes for simultaneous neural depth recording and drug delivery in the brain","volume":"13","author":"Altuna","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.06.006","article-title":"The brain activity map project and the challenge of functional connectomics","volume":"74","author":"Alivisatos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08540","article-title":"Electrophysiology in the age of light","volume":"461","author":"Scanziani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11076","article-title":"Reach and grasp by people with tetraplegia using a neurally controlled robotic arm","volume":"485","author":"Hochberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04970","article-title":"Neuronal ensemble control of prosthetic devices by a human with tetraplegia","volume":"442","author":"Hochberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22170","DOI":"10.1038\/srep22170","article-title":"Wireless cortical brain-machine interface for whole-body navigation in primates","volume":"6","author":"Rajangam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. 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