{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T15:19:55Z","timestamp":1773415195569,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R3048A01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R3048A01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MTI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Large-scale post-marketing drug safety data from spontaneous reporting systems offer new opportunities to explore adverse drug events (ADEs). However, these datasets often contain high rates of missing and incomplete data, undermining the reliability and interpretability of pharmacovigilance analyses. Effective management of these data quality issues requires interactive tools to explore patterns of missingness across multiple dimensions. We present IRVINE (Interactive Visualization for Spontaneous Reporting Systems Databases Missing Values), an interactive visualization system designed to explore and compare missing data in spontaneous reporting systems. IRVINE integrates multiple coordinated components\u2014including a global overview, detailed attribute-level breakdowns, a temporal analysis interface, and a cross-database comparison environment\u2014allowing users to fluidly transition between global summaries and fine-grained diagnostic views. The system supports dynamic filtering, drill-down exploration, and interactive temporal analysis to examine changes in data completeness over time and across categories. Through three usage scenarios and a user study, we demonstrate how IRVINE supports effective exploration of reporting completeness. Results indicate that users perceived the system as easy to use and effective for identifying missingness patterns, with particular strengths in comparative and detail-level analysis. This work lays a foundation for improved transparency, interpretability, and data quality assessment in large-scale pharmacovigilance systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mti10030029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T11:12:25Z","timestamp":1773400345000},"page":"29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["IRVINE: An Interactive Visualization for Spontaneous Reporting Systems Databases Missing Values"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0956-633X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Sharifi Kia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Insight Lab, Department of Computer Science, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamran","family":"Sedig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Insight Lab, Department of Computer Science, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Information and Media Studies, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7228-4725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niaz","family":"Chalabianloo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada"},{"name":"ICES Western, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2452-8494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheikh S.","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Insight Lab, Department of Computer Science, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada"},{"name":"ICES Western, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada"},{"name":"Lawson Health Research Institute, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science, MacEwan University, Edmonton, AB T5J 2P2, Canada"},{"name":"London Health Sciences Centre Research Institute, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Flory T.","family":"Muanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICES Western, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada"},{"name":"Lawson Health Research Institute, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON N6G 2M1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/s41999-021-00481-9","article-title":"Adverse drug reactions in older adults: A narrative review of the literature","volume":"12","author":"Zazzara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. 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