{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T02:08:59Z","timestamp":1773108539351,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,20]],"date-time":"2018-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1516406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MTI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We here present results and analysis from a study of affective tactile communication between human and humanoid robot (the NAO robot). In the present work, participants conveyed eight emotions to the NAO via touch. In this study, we sought to understand the potential for using a wearable affective (tactile) interface, or WAffI. The aims of our study were to address the following: (i) how emotions and affective states can be conveyed (encoded) to such a humanoid robot, (ii) what are the effects of dressing the NAO in the WAffI on emotion conveyance and (iii) what is the potential for decoding emotion and affective states. We found that subjects conveyed touch for longer duration and over more locations on the robot when the NAO was dressed with WAffI than when it was not. Our analysis illuminates ways by which affective valence, and separate emotions, might be decoded by a humanoid robot according to the different features of touch: intensity, duration, location, type. Finally, we discuss the types of sensors and their distribution as they may be embedded within the WAffI and that would likely benefit Human-NAO (and Human-Humanoid) interaction along the affective tactile dimension.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mti2010002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,22]],"date-time":"2018-01-22T04:51:13Z","timestamp":1516596673000},"page":"2","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Designing for a Wearable Affective Interface for the NAO Robot: A Study of Emotion Conveyance by Touch"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1525-0745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Lowe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied IT, University of Gothenburg, Box 100, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0159-9628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Andreasson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University, Box 256, 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Beatrice","family":"Alenljung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Informatics, University of Sk\u00f6vde, Box 408, 541 28 Sk\u00f6vde, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0558-942X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anja","family":"Lund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"The Swedish School of Textiles, University of Bor\u00e5s, S-501 90 Bor\u00e5s, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Billing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Informatics, University of Sk\u00f6vde, Box 408, 541 28 Sk\u00f6vde, Sweden"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.4017\/gt.2009.08.02.002.00","article-title":"Asistive social robots in elderly care: A review","volume":"8","author":"Broekens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gerontechnology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shamsuddin, S., Yussof, H., Ismail, L., Hanapiah, F.A., Mohamed, S., Piah, H.A., and Zahari, N.I. 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