{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:53:35Z","timestamp":1760237615576,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,29]],"date-time":"2020-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001858","name":"VINNOVA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Reference number 2010-04617"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Reference number 2010-04617"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MTI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Shift-by-wire technology enables more options concerning the design, placement and functions of gear shifters compared to traditional gear shifters with manual transmission. These variations can impact usability and driver performance. There is a lack of research regarding the potential advantages and disadvantages of different types of gear shifters. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficiency and subjective ease-of-use of mono- and polystable joystick gear shifter types at different complexity levels and with full or limited visibility. An experimental study with 36 participants was conducted. The results showed that monostable joysticks, especially those with an I\/J-shape, were overall less efficient and easy to use than polystable joysticks. The highest complexity level clearly affected the efficiency for the monostable joystick with an I\/J-shape (mono I\/J) compared with the other gear shifter types. The monostable joystick with an I\/J-shape (mono I\/J) was also most affected by reduced visibility at the highest level of complexity, indicating that it was more prone to causing users to take their eyes off the road.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mti4020024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T11:49:21Z","timestamp":1591012161000},"page":"24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Comparison of Usability between Gear Shifters with Varied Visual and Haptic Patterns and Complexities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0626-1116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanna","family":"Lohilahti Bladf\u00e4lt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Lule\u00e5 University of Technology, 971 87 Lule\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Camilla","family":"Grane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Lule\u00e5 University of Technology, 971 87 Lule\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Bengtsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Lule\u00e5 University of Technology, 971 87 Lule\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Tarbet, M. 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