{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T20:10:58Z","timestamp":1776111058688,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MTI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Misconceptions of vehicle automation functionalities lead to either non-use or dangerous misuse of assistant systems, harming the users\u2019 experience by reducing potential comfort or compromise safety. Thus, users must understand how and when to use an assistant system. In a preliminary online survey, we examined the use, trust, and the perceived understanding of modern vehicle assistant systems. Despite remaining incomprehensibility (36\u201364%), experienced misunderstandings (up to 9%), and the need for training (around 30%), users reported high trust in the systems. In the following study with first-time users, we examine the effect of different User Onboarding approaches for an automated parking assistant system in a Tesla and compare the traditional text-based manual with a multimodal augmented reality (AR) smartphone application in means of user acceptance, UX, trust, understanding, and task performance. While the User Onboarding experience for both approaches shows high pragmatic quality, the hedonic quality was perceived significantly higher in AR. For the automated parking process, reported hedonic and pragmatic user experience, trust, automation understanding, and acceptance do not differ, yet the observed task performance was higher in the AR condition. Overall, AR might help motivate proper User Onboarding and better communicate how to operate the system for inexperienced users.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mti5050022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T21:25:10Z","timestamp":1619040310000},"page":"22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Supporting User Onboarding in Automated Vehicles through Multimodal Augmented Reality Tutorials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7683-1797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrik","family":"Detjen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UX Space, University of Applied Sciences Ruhr West, 46236 Bottrop, Germany"},{"name":"HCI Group, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany"}]},{"given":"Robert Niklas","family":"Degenhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UX Space, University of Applied Sciences Ruhr West, 46236 Bottrop, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0132-4934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Schneegass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HCI Group, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1976-0013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Geisler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UX Space, University of Applied Sciences Ruhr West, 46236 Bottrop, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720814547570","article-title":"Trust in automation: Integrating empirical evidence on factors that influence trust","volume":"57","author":"Hoff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Zedeck, S. (2011). Organizational socialization: The effective onboarding of new employees. Maintaining, Expanding, and Contracting the Organization, American Psychological Assoc. Handbooks in Psychology."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Crumlish, C., and Malone, E. (2009). Designing Social Interfaces: Principles, Patterns, and Practices for Improving the User Experience, O\u2019Reilly Media, Inc."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"2015","article-title":"Onboarding: The First, Best Chance to make a Repeat Customer","volume":"3","author":"Singer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Retrieved Novemb."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Renz, J., Staubitz, T., Pollack, J., and Meinel, C. (2014, January 7\u20139). Improving the Onboarding User Experience in MOOCs. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies (EDULEARN2014), Barcelona, Spain."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"2014","article-title":"The Elements of User Onboarding\u2014The Official Primer from UserOnboard.com","volume":"3","author":"Hulick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Retrieved Novemb."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"2016","article-title":"We categorized over 500 user onboarding experiences into 8 UI\/UX patterns","volume":"3","author":"Balboni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Retrieved Novemb."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"100113","article-title":"Autonowashing: The Greenwashing of Vehicle Automation","volume":"5","author":"Dixon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Interdiscip. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"2020","article-title":"The Impact of Driver\u2019s Mental Models of Advanced Vehicle Technologies on Safety and Performance","volume":"3","author":"Gaspar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Retrieved Novemb."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720816678714","article-title":"Prior Familiarization With Takeover Requests Affects Drivers\u2019 Takeover Performance and Automation Trust","volume":"59","author":"Hergeth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2011.08.005","article-title":"Driver usage and understanding of adaptive cruise control","volume":"43","author":"Larsson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2015.10.005","article-title":"Learning and development of trust, acceptance and the mental model of ACC. A longitudinal on-road study","volume":"35","author":"Beggiato","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dikmen, M., and Burns, C.M. (2016, January 24\u201326). Autonomous Driving in the Real World: Experiences with Tesla Autopilot and Summon. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3003715.3005465"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dikmen, M., and Burns, C. (2017, January 5\u20138). Trust in autonomous vehicles: The case of Tesla Autopilot and Summon. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC), Banff, AB, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/SMC.2017.8122757"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2020.1860517","article-title":"How to Increase Automated Vehicles\u2019 Acceptance through In-Vehicle Interaction Design: A Review","volume":"37","author":"Detjen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720819865412","article-title":"Trust and Distrust of Automated Parking in a Tesla Model X","volume":"62","author":"Tenhundfeld","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720819853686","article-title":"The More You Know: Trust Dynamics and Calibration in Highly Automated Driving and the Effects of Take-Overs, System Malfunction, and System Transparency","volume":"62","author":"Kraus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2012.12.006","article-title":"The evolution of mental model, trust and acceptance of adaptive cruise control in relation to initial information","volume":"18","author":"Beggiato","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2017.07.006","article-title":"Introduction matters: Manipulating trust in automation and reliance in automated driving","volume":"66","author":"Baseler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511816819.004","article-title":"Cognitive theory of multimedia learning","volume":"41","author":"Mayer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Camb. Handb. Multimed. Learn."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Paivio, A., and Clark, J. (October, January 29). Dual coding theory and education. Proceedings of the Draft Chapter Presented at the Conference on Pathways to Literacy Achievement for High Poverty Children at The University of Michigan School of Education, Ontario, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Shelton, B.E. (2003). How Augmented Reality Helps Students Learn Dynamic Spatial Relationships, University of Washington."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, K. (2012). Augmented Reality in Education and Training. TechTrends.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11528-012-0559-3"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehler-Bicher, A., and Steiger, L. (2014). Augmented Reality: Theorie und Praxis, De Gruyter Oldenbourg.","DOI":"10.1524\/9783110353853"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blattgerste, J., Strenge, B., Renner, P., Pfeiffer, T., and Essig, K. (2017, January 21\u201323). Comparing Conventional and Augmented Reality Instructions for Manual Assembly Tasks. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on PErvasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments, Rhodes, Greece.","DOI":"10.1145\/3056540.3056547"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ebnali, M., Lamb, R., and Fathi, R. (2020). Familiarization tours for first-time users of highly automated cars: Comparing the effects of virtual environments with different levels of interaction fidelity. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103226"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2019.09.001","article-title":"How does training effect users\u2019 attitudes and skills needed for highly automated driving?","volume":"66","author":"Ebnali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sportillo, D., Paljic, A., and Ojeda, L. (2019, January 11\u201314). On-Road Evaluation of Autonomous Driving Training. Proceedings of the 2019 14th ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), Daegu, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/HRI.2019.8673277"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forster, Y., Hergeth, S., Naujoks, F., Krems, J., and Keinath, A. (2019). User Education in Automated Driving: Owner\u2019s Manual and Interactive Tutorial Support Mental Model Formation and Human-Automation Interaction. Information, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/info10040143"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2019.11.017","article-title":"What and how to tell beforehand: The effect of user education on understanding, interaction and satisfaction with driving automation","volume":"68","author":"Forster","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2018.1456150","article-title":"A Personal Resource for Technology Interaction: Development and Validation of the Affinity for Technology Interaction (ATI) Scale","volume":"35","author":"Franke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"EUR-Lex (2011). General Data Protection Regulation. Retrieved Novemb., 3, 2016."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Detjen, H., Pfleging, B., and Schneegass, S. (2020). A Wizard of Oz Field Study to Understand Non-Driving-Related Activities, Trust, and Acceptance of Automated Vehicles. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, Association for Computing Machinery.","DOI":"10.1145\/3409120.3410662"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"van Someren, M.W., Barnard, Y.F., and Sandberg, J.A.C. (1994). The Think Aloud Method: A Practical Guide to Modelling Cognitive Processes, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"103","article-title":"Design and Evaluation of a Short Version of the User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ-S)","volume":"4","author":"Schrepp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Interact. Multimed. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.2307\/249008","article-title":"Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and User Acceptance of Information Technology","volume":"13","author":"Davis","year":"1989","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327566IJCE0401_04","article-title":"Foundations for an Empirically Determined Scale of Trust in Automated Systems","volume":"4","author":"Jian","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Cogn. Ergon."}],"container-title":["Multimodal Technologies and Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-4088\/5\/5\/22\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:50:41Z","timestamp":1760161841000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-4088\/5\/5\/22"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["mti5050022"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mti5050022","relation":{},"ISSN":["2414-4088"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2414-4088","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]]}}}