{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T18:50:47Z","timestamp":1782327047832,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MTI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multidisciplinary topics in education pose a major challenge for traditional learning and teaching methods. Such topics can deter students from selecting particular courses or hinder their study progress. This study focused on the subject of medicinal chemistry, which is a discipline combining medicine and chemistry. This combination of applied and basic science creates a complex field of education that is challenging to both teach and learn. Chemical and pharmacological principles are typically presented in 2D molecular structures and, recently, 3D molecular models have been utilized to improve the visualization of chemical compounds and their chemical interactions. Contemporary studies have presented Virtual Reality (VR) as an alternative method for improving the learning and teaching of multidisciplinary specialties such as this. However, current educational efforts employing VR offer limited interactivity and a traditional teaching method previously presented in 2D. This reduces students\u2019 interest and concentration in the taught subjects. This paper presents the development rationale of a novel VR educational application based on the evaluation of the user requirements by 405 pharmacy undergraduate students. The results informed the development and preliminary evaluation of a proposed VR serious game application, which was deployed in a real-life class environment and evaluated in contrast to traditional teaching methods by 15 students. The derived results confirmed the advantages of VR technology as a learning and teaching tool, in addition to the end-users\u2019 willingness to adopt VR systems as a learning aid.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mti5090053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T11:39:03Z","timestamp":1630496343000},"page":"53","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Identifying the Characteristics of Virtual Reality Gamification for Complex Educational Topics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Jannat","family":"Falah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Autonomous Systems, Faculty of Artificial Intelligence, Al Balqa Applied University, Al Salt 19117, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Wedyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Autonomous Systems, Faculty of Artificial Intelligence, Al Balqa Applied University, Al Salt 19117, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salsabeel F. M.","family":"Alfalah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Abdullah II School of Information Technology, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhannad","family":"Abu-Tarboush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Abdullah II School of Information Technology, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Al-Jakheem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Abdullah II School of Information Technology, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muath","family":"Al-Faraneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Abdullah II School of Information Technology, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4978-5059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Areej","family":"Abuhammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4195-843X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vassilis","family":"Charissis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, Engineering and Built Environment, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4-0BA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147081","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2945700","article-title":"Solar energy education through a cloud-based desktop virtual reality system","volume":"7","author":"Abichandani","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2008.01.035","article-title":"On entropy generation and dissipation of kinetic energy in high-resolution shock-capturing schemes","volume":"227","author":"Thornber","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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