{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T16:49:01Z","timestamp":1779295741553,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,5]],"date-time":"2021-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MTI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Studies in the virtual heritage (VH) domain identify collaboration (social interaction), engagement, and a contextual relationship as key elements of interaction design that influence users\u2019 experience and cultural learning in VH applications. The purpose of this study is to validate whether collaboration (social interaction), engaging experience, and a contextual relationship enhance cultural learning in a collaborative and multi-modal mixed reality (MR) heritage environment. To this end, we have designed and implemented a cloud-based collaborative and multi-modal MR application aiming at enhancing user experience and cultural learning in museums. A conceptual model was proposed based on collaboration, engagement, and relationship in the context of MR experience. The MR application was then evaluated at the Western Australian Shipwrecks Museum by experts, archaeologists, and curators from the gallery and the Western Australian Museum. Questionnaire, semi-structured interview, and observation were used to collect data. The results suggest that integrating collaborative and multi-modal interaction methods with MR technology facilitates enhanced cultural learning in VH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mti5120079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]],"date-time":"2021-12-06T03:10:38Z","timestamp":1638760238000},"page":"79","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["The Influence of Collaborative and Multi-Modal Mixed Reality: Cultural Learning in Virtual Heritage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7805-5819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mafkereseb Kassahun","family":"Bekele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Media, Creative Arts and Social Inquiry (MCASI), Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5362-6176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erik","family":"Champion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Media, Creative Arts and Social Inquiry (MCASI), Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Digital Humanities Research, Australian National University, Sir Roland Wilson Building, 120 McCoy Circuit, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia"},{"name":"School of Social Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6907, Australia"},{"name":"City West Campus, University of South Australia, P.O. Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"McMeekin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia"},{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Computing and Mathematical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hafizur","family":"Rahaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Media, Creative Arts and Social Inquiry (MCASI), Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2020.103254","article-title":"From BIM to extended reality in AEC industry","volume":"116","author":"Alizadehsalehi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autom. 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