{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T18:31:35Z","timestamp":1780338695830,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]],"date-time":"2022-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Horizon 2020 H2020-ICT-2016-2017","award":["G.A. 731974"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G.A. 731974"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education and Research (MIUR)  CrossLab project (Departments of Excellence), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MTI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the context of a European project, we identified over 150 requirements for the development of an augmented reality (AR) head-mounted display (HMD) specifically tailored to support highly challenging manual surgical procedures. The requirements were established by surgeons from different specialties and by industrial players working in the surgical field who had strong commitments to the exploitation of this technology. Some of these requirements were specific to the project, while others can be seen as key requirements for the implementation of an efficient and reliable AR headset to be used to support manual activities in the peripersonal space. The aim of this work is to describe these ergonomic requirements that impact the mechanical design of the HMDs, the possible innovative solutions to these requirements, and how these solutions have been used to implement the AR headset in surgical navigation. We also report the results of a preliminary qualitative evaluation of the AR headset by three surgeons.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mti6020015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]],"date-time":"2022-02-11T02:35:51Z","timestamp":1644546951000},"page":"15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Key Ergonomics Requirements and Possible Mechanical Solutions for Augmented Reality Head-Mounted Displays in Surgery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2477-8813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renzo","family":"D\u2019Amato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell\u2019Informazione, Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, Via Girolamo Caruso 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"ENDOCAS Center for Computer Assisted Surgery, Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, Ospedale di Cisanello, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6773-3741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Cutolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell\u2019Informazione, Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, Via Girolamo Caruso 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"ENDOCAS Center for Computer Assisted Surgery, Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, Ospedale di Cisanello, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9833-9800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Badiali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Carbone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell\u2019Informazione, Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, Via Girolamo Caruso 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"ENDOCAS Center for Computer Assisted Surgery, Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, Ospedale di Cisanello, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pilotfish Taipei, 3F-2, No. 88, Zhouzi St., Neihu District, Taipei City 114, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harm","family":"Hogenbirk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pilotfish Netherlands BV, Looiersgracht 50, 1016 VT Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9294-2828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell\u2019Informazione, Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, Via Girolamo Caruso 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"ENDOCAS Center for Computer Assisted Surgery, Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, Ospedale di Cisanello, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021, November 01). 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