{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T19:25:10Z","timestamp":1783797910389,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MTI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Social robots hold potential for supporting children\u2019s well-being in classrooms. However, it is unclear which robot features add to a trustworthy relationship between a child and a robot and whether social robots are just as able to reduce stress as traditional interventions, such as listening to classical music. We set up two experiments wherein children interacted with a robot in a real-life school environment. Our main results show that regardless of the robotic features tested (intonation, male\/female voice, and humor) most children tend to trust a robot during their first interaction. Adding humor to the robots\u2019 dialogue seems to have a negative impact on children\u2019s trust, especially for girls and children without prior experience with robots. In comparing a classical music session with a social robot interaction, we found no significant differences. Both interventions were able to lower the stress levels of children, however, not significantly. Our results show the potential for robots to build trustworthy interactions with children and to lower children\u2019s stress levels. Considering these results, we believe that social robots provide a new tool for children to make their feelings explicit, thereby enabling children to share negative experiences (such as bullying) which would otherwise stay unnoticed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mti6040029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T01:03:01Z","timestamp":1650330181000},"page":"29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["A Trustworthy Robot Buddy for Primary School Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Matthijs H. J.","family":"Smakman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Information Communication and Technology, HU University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 15, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Communication Science, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0189-1012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel F. Preciado","family":"Vanegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Science, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koen","family":"Smit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Information Communication and Technology, HU University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 15, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Leewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Information Communication and Technology, HU University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 15, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youri","family":"Okkerse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Information Communication and Technology, HU University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 15, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesper","family":"Obbes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Information Communication and Technology, HU University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 15, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thom","family":"Uffing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Information Communication and Technology, HU University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 15, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Soliman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Information Communication and Technology, HU University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 15, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"van der Krogt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Information Communication and Technology, HU University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 15, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas","family":"T\u00f6njes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Information Communication and Technology, HU University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 15, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kennedy, J., Baxter, P., Senft, E., and Belpaeme, T. (2016, January 7\u201310). Social robot tutoring for child second language learning. Proceedings of the 2016 11th ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), Christchurch, New Zealand.","DOI":"10.1109\/HRI.2016.7451757"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Konijn, E.A., Jansen, B., Bustos, V.M., Hobbelink, V.L.N.F., and Vanegas, D.P. (2021). Social Robots for (Second) Language Learning in (Migrant) Primary School Children. Int. J. Soc. Robot., 1\u201317.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-021-00824-3"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-016-9476-z","article-title":"An embodied agent helps anxious students in mathematics learning","volume":"65","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Educ. Technol. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paetzel, M., Perugia, G., and Castellano, G. (2020, January 23\u201326). The Persistence of First Impressions: The Effect of Repeated Interactions on the Perception of a Social Robot. Proceedings of the 2020 ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction, Cambridge, UK.","DOI":"10.1145\/3319502.3374786"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Orobio de Castro, B., Mulder, S., Van der Ploeg, R., Onrust, S., Stoltz, S., Buil, M., de Wit, I., Buitenhuis, L., Cillessen, T., and Veenstra, R. (2018). Eindrapport Wat Werkt Tegen Pesten, Nationaal Regieorgaan Onderwijsonderzoek."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.20030","article-title":"Middle School Victims of Bullying: Who Reports Being Bullied?","volume":"30","author":"Unnever","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aggress. Behav."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Orobio de Castro, B., Mulder, S., van der Ploeg, R., Onrust, S., van den Berg, Y., Slotz, S., Marieke, B., de Wit, I., Buitenhuis, L., and Cillissen, T. (2022, March 10). Available online: eindrapport-wat-werkt-tegen-pesten.pdf."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4405(89)90016-2","article-title":"Schools as a Source of Stress to Children: An Analysis of Causal and Ameliorative Influences","volume":"27","author":"Elias","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Sch. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01323156","article-title":"Stress in School-Aged Children and Youth","volume":"5","author":"Matheny","year":"1993","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1177\/1367493518803031","article-title":"Social Robots to Support Children\u2019s Well-Being under Medical Treatment: A Systematic State-of-the-Art Review","volume":"23","author":"Moerman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Child Health Care"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vall\u00e8s-Peris, N., Angulo, C., and Dom\u00e8nech, M. (2018). Children\u2019s Imaginaries of Human-Robot Interaction in Healthcare. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15050970"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13322","DOI":"10.2196\/13322","article-title":"Use of Social Robots in Mental Health and Well-Being Research: Systematic Review","volume":"21","author":"Scoglio","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bethel, C.L., Stevenson, M.R., and Scassellati, B. (2011, January 9). Secret-Sharing: Interactions between a Child, Robot, and Adult. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Anchorage, AK, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSMC.2011.6084051"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benveniste, D.H. (2016). Theoretical Context. Changing Substance Abuse and Criminal Behavior Through Therapeutic Relationships, Palgrave Macmillan UK.","DOI":"10.1057\/978-1-137-53039-4"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S26","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.1999.00267.x","article-title":"The doctor-patient relationship","volume":"14","author":"Goold","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-016-0346-y","article-title":"Are Robots Ready to Deliver Autism Interventions? A Comprehensive Review","volume":"8","author":"Begum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Robot."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-016-2740-6","article-title":"Mapping Robots to Therapy and Educational Objectives for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"46","author":"Huijnen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.04.009","article-title":"Are social robots ready yet to be used in care and therapy of autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"129","author":"Salimi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ricks, D., and Colton, M. (2010, January 3\u20137). Trends and Considerations in Robot-Assisted Autism Therapy. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Anchorage, AK, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.2010.5509327"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-bioeng-071811-150036","article-title":"Robots for Use in Autism Research","volume":"14","author":"Scassellati","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00295","article-title":"Flat vs. Expressive Storytelling: Young Children\u2019s Learning and Retention of a Social Robot\u2019s Narrative","volume":"11","author":"Jeong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siegel, M., Breazeal, C., and Norton, M.I. (2009, January 10\u201315). Persuasive Robotics: The influence of robot gender on human behavior. Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, St. Louis, MO, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2009.5354116"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-012-0171-x","article-title":"Making Social Robots More Attractive: The Effects of Voice Pitch, Humor and Empathy","volume":"5","author":"Niculescu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Robot."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serholt, S., and Barendregt, W. (2016, January 23\u201327). Robots Tutoring Children: Longitudinal Evaluation of Social Engagement in Child\u2013robot Interaction. Proceedings of the 9th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, Gothenburg, Sweden.","DOI":"10.1145\/2971485.2971536"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327051hci1901&2_4","article-title":"Interactive Robots as Social Partners and Peer Tutors for Children: A Field Trial","volume":"19","author":"Kanda","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum. Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swift-Spong, K., Wen, C.K.F., Spruijt-Metz, D., and Matari\u0107, M.J. (2016, January 1). Comparing Backstories of a Socially Assistive Robot Exercise Buddy for Adolescent Youth. Proceedings of the 2016 25th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2016.7745233"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-016-0667-2","article-title":"The Case of Classroom Robots: Teachers\u2019 Deliberations on the Ethical Tensions","volume":"32","author":"Serholt","year":"2017","journal-title":"AI Soc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bethel, C.L., Henkel, Z., Stives, K., May, D., Eakin, D., Pilkinton, M., Jones, A., and Stubbs-Richardson, M. (2016, January 26). Using Robots to Interview Children about Bullying: Lessons Learned from an Exploratory Study. Proceedings of the Proceedings of 25th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2016.7745197"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2022, February 25). CBS StatLine\u2014Ervaren gezondheid, zorggebruik en leefstijl bij kinderen tot 12 jaar. Available online: https:\/\/opendata.cbs.nl\/statline\/#\/CBS\/nl\/dataset\/83716NED\/table?ts=1583492615186."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1017\/S0263574703004922","article-title":"Roles and Functions of Robots in Human Society: Implications from Research in Autism Therapy","volume":"21","author":"Dautenhahn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Robotica"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Br\u0161\u010di\u0107, D., Kidokoro, H., Suehiro, Y., and Kanda, T. (2015, January 2\u20135). Escaping from Children\u2019s Abuse of Social Robots. Proceedings of the Tenth Annual ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction, Portland, OR, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2696454.2696468"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-020-00736-8","article-title":"A Meta-Analysis on Children\u2019s Trust in Social Robots","volume":"13","author":"Stower","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Robot."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heerink, M., Krose, B., Evers, V., and Wielinga, B. (October, January 27). Measuring acceptance of an assistive social robot: A suggested toolkit. RO-MAN 2009. Proceedings of the 18th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication, Toyama, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2009.5326320"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1515\/humr.1999.12.3.253","article-title":"The relationship between humor and trust","volume":"12","author":"Hampes","year":"1999","journal-title":"Humor"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Stock, O., Strapparava, C., and Nijholt, A. (2022, March 10). The April Fools\u2019 Day Workshop on Computation Humour. Available online: https:\/\/research.utwente.nl\/en\/publications\/the-april-fools-day-workshop-on-computational-humour-proceedings-."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Kraus, M., Kraus, J., Baumann, M., and Minker, W. (2018, January 7\u201312). Effects of Gender Stereotypes on Trust and Likability in Spoken Human-Robot Interaction. Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2018), Miyazaki, Japan. Available online: https:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/L18-1018."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2021.102744","article-title":"Do you feel safe with your robot? Factors influencing perceived safety in human-robot interaction based on subjective and objective measures","volume":"158","author":"Akalin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., Liu, N., Li, R., Chen, Y., and Jia, Y. (October, January 30). HuCoM: A Model for Human Comfort Estimation in Personalized Human-Robot Collaboration. Proceedings of the ASME 2018 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference, Atlanta, GA, USA.","DOI":"10.1115\/DSCC2018-9245"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., Chen, Y., Li, R., and Jia, Y. (2019). Learning and Comfort in Human\u2013Robot Interaction: A Review. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9235152"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Herrmann, G., Pearson, M.J., Lenz, A., Bremner, P., Spiers, A., and Leonards, U. (2013). Coping with stress using social robots as emotion-oriented tool: Potential factors discovered from stress game experiment. Social Robotics, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752874","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.752874","article-title":"Social Robots for Supporting Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"12","author":"Laban","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rose, E.J., and Bj\u00f6rling, E.A. (2017, January 11\u201313). Designing for engagement: Using participatory design to develop a social robot to measure teen stress. Proceedings of the 35th ACM International Conference on the Design of Communication, Halifax, NS, Canada.","DOI":"10.1145\/3121113.3121212"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Phang, K. (2022, March 10). Toxic Stress: How the Body\u2019s Response Can Harm a Child\u2019s Development. Toxic Stress: How the Body\u2019s Response Can Harm a Child\u2019s Development, Available online: https:\/\/www.nationwidechildrens.org\/family-resources-education\/700childrens\/2017\/07\/toxic-stress-how-the-bodys-response-can-harm-a-childs-development."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031126","article-title":"Ever-changing cycles of musical pleasure: The role of dopamine and anticipation","volume":"22","author":"Gebauer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychomusicol. Music. Mind Brain"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1097\/01.SMJ.0000154773.11986.39","article-title":"Music as therapy","volume":"98","author":"Kemper","year":"2005","journal-title":"South. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.03.056","article-title":"Reducing children\u2019s pain and distress towards flu vaccinations: A novel and effective application of humanoid robotics","volume":"31","author":"Beran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1177\/0844562119862742","article-title":"Children\u2019s Fear and Pain During Medical Procedures: A Quality Improvement Study With a Humanoid Robot","volume":"52","author":"Farrier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can. J. Nurs. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smakman, M.H.J., Smit, K., Buser, L., Monshouwer, T., van Putten, N., Trip, T., Schoof, C., Preciado, D.F., Konijn, E.A., and van der Roest, E.M. (2021). Mitigating Children\u2019s Pain and Anxiety during Blood Draw Using Social Robots. Electronics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10101211"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2008.12.025","article-title":"Effects of communication style and culture on ability to accept recommendations from robots","volume":"25","author":"Rau","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.14198\/JoPha.2008.2.2.03","article-title":"Children\u2019s responses and opinion on three bots that motivate, educate and play","volume":"2","author":"Looije","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Phys. Agents (JoPha)"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"(2022, March 10). OSF Supplementary Materials, SAMbuddy Project. Available online: https:\/\/osf.io\/h4jme\/?view_only=1c27a4a25ff34dabaef5b9c3d515032e."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sim, G., and Horton, M. (2013, January 12\u201315). Investigating children\u2019s opinions of games: Fun Toolkit vs. This or That. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children, Bremen, Germany.","DOI":"10.1145\/2307096.2307105"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1155\/2006\/197616","article-title":"Children\u2019s Self-Reports of Pain Intensity: Scale Selection, Limitations and Interpretation","volume":"11","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pain Res. Manag."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hall, L., Hume, C., and Tazzyman, S. (2016, January 21). Five Degrees of Happiness: Effective Smiley Face Likert Scales for Evaluating with Children. Proceedings of the Proceedings of the The 15th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children, Manchester, UK.","DOI":"10.1145\/2930674.2930719"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"(2022, February 18). SAMbuddy. Available online: https:\/\/vertelknuffel.nl\/."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Field, A. (2018). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics, SAGE. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolman, B.B. (1978). An Overview of Psychological Measurement. Clinical Diagnosis of Mental Disorders: A Handbook, Springer US.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-2490-4"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-2166(99)00069-7","article-title":"Functions of Humor in the Conversations of Men and Women","volume":"32","author":"Hay","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pragmat."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.12.083","article-title":"A Unique Role for the Human Amygdala in Novelty Detection","volume":"50","author":"Blackford","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579407000363","article-title":"Behavioral Inhibition and Anxiety Disorders: Multiple Levels of a Resilience Process","volume":"19","author":"Degnan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.09.047","article-title":"Novelty as a Dimension in the Affective Brain","volume":"49","author":"Weierich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.55.090902.141532","article-title":"Behavioral Inhibition: Linking Biology and Behavior within a Developmental Framework","volume":"56","author":"Fox","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1093\/jamiaopen\/ooy048","article-title":"Beyond Novelty Effect: A Mixed-Methods Exploration into the Motivation for Long-Term Activity Tracker Use","volume":"2","author":"Shin","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMIA Open"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-016-9387-z","article-title":"Should we welcome robot teachers?","volume":"18","author":"Sharkey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ethic. Inf. Technol."}],"container-title":["Multimodal Technologies and Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-4088\/6\/4\/29\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:54:29Z","timestamp":1760136869000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-4088\/6\/4\/29"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["mti6040029"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mti6040029","relation":{},"ISSN":["2414-4088"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2414-4088","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]}}}