{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:01:37Z","timestamp":1760230897359,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/05567\/2020","UIDB\/50021\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05567\/2020","UIDB\/50021\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MTI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Applying the correct set of Boolean operations is a fundamental task in constructive solid geometry (CSG), which is a staple in automated manufacturing systems. Although textual buttons and icons are the most common interfaces to apply such operations, these require an unnecessary cognitive load that hampers the solid modeling process. This study presents VennPad, a novel CSG widget that gathers all Boolean operations under the same user interface control element and is represented as a two-set Venn diagram. Contrary to conventional CSG widgets, VennPad supports a graphical interface that gives simultaneous access to several types of Boolean operations (intersection, union, difference, symmetric difference and split). A usability study was conducted to ascertain whether VennPad is a more natural interface compared to textual buttons and icon-based widgets for different solid modeling tasks. VennPad proved to be an effective interface to perform Boolean operations. Qualitative feedback places VennPad as the preferred interface, but efficiency results are operation dependent, thus, opening the way to new design iterations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mti6080070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T23:28:41Z","timestamp":1660865321000},"page":"70","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Usability Study on Widget Design for Selecting Boolean Operations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0736-8006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo Chambel","family":"Lopes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ci2\u2014Smart Cities Research Center, Polytechnic Institute of Tomar, 2300-313 Tomar, Portugal"},{"name":"Atl\u00e2ntica, Instituto Universit\u00e1rio, 2730-036 Barcarena, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0424-6780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC-ID Lisboa, 1000-029 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Portal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMOSM, ISEL\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Modela\u00e7\u00e3o e Optimiza\u00e7\u00e3o de Sistemas Multifuncionais, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"de Klerk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Arquitectura, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-063 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Nogueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ci2\u2014Smart Cities Research Center, Polytechnic Institute of Tomar, 2300-313 Tomar, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0917-9396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Sim\u00f5es","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC-ID Lisboa, 1000-029 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rappoport, A., and Spitz, S. 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J."}],"container-title":["Multimodal Technologies and Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-4088\/6\/8\/70\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:11:50Z","timestamp":1760141510000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-4088\/6\/8\/70"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["mti6080070"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mti6080070","relation":{},"ISSN":["2414-4088"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2414-4088"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]}}}