{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T06:52:54Z","timestamp":1788850374964,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]],"date-time":"2022-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action (BMWK)","award":["19A21047I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19A21047I"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MTI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The automation of our vehicles is an all-present topic with great benefits for society, particularly in the area of public transport and pilot projects of automated shuttle buses are already underway. However, they do not show the full potential of using them as a supplement to public transport, since single-occupancy registration of the vehicles usually allows only slow speeds and also requires a substitute driver on board. In our study, we aim to (1) examine the status quo of its user acceptance and (2) identify the roles of the operators and their tasks in automated urban shuttle buses. We conducted a mixed-method study including in-depth interviews, questionnaires, and in-the-field observations visiting pilot projects of the two most widespread pilot projects on German streets. Our results uncover the multiple roles and tasks the human operators currently assume. Furthermore, we developed design approaches for a digital companion substituting the operator in a long run and evaluated these concepts. A remote operator or a hologram were preferred solutions and we propose further design requirements for such companions. This work helps to understand the individual roles that operators currently occupy and provides a good basis for concepts of technologies that will perform these tasks in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mti6120109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]],"date-time":"2022-12-13T04:00:11Z","timestamp":1670904011000},"page":"109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Understanding Operator Influence in Automated Urban Shuttle Buses and Recommendations for Future Development"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4585-0530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Schu\u00df","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CARISSMA Institute of Automated Driving, Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt (THI), 85049 Ingolstadt, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Pervasive Computing, Johannes Kepler University Linz (JKU), 4020 Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0620-105X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice","family":"Rollwagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CARISSMA Institute of Automated Driving, Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt (THI), 85049 Ingolstadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9174-8895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Riener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CARISSMA Institute of Automated Driving, Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt (THI), 85049 Ingolstadt, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Pervasive Computing, Johannes Kepler University Linz (JKU), 4020 Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1007\/s10273-016-2048-3","article-title":"Deutsche Autoindustrie und autonomes Fahren","volume":"96","author":"Bardt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wirtschaftsdienst"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.34647\/jmv.nr12.id80","article-title":"Autonomes Fahren und soziale Akzeptanz: Konzeptionelle \u00dcberlegungen und empirische Einsichten","volume":"12","author":"Fleischer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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