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It outlines concepts of social impact assessment and discusses how social impact has been included in smart city evaluation frameworks. Thematic analysis is used to investigate how social impact is addressed in eight smart city projects that prioritise human-centred design across a variety of contexts and development phases, from design research and prototyping to completed and speculative projects. These projects are notable for their emphasis on human, organisational and natural stakeholders; inclusion, participation and empowerment; new methods of citizen engagement; and relationships between sustainability and social impact. At the same time, there are gaps in the evaluation of social impact in both the smart city indexes and the eight projects. Based on our analysis, we contend that more coherent, consistent and analytical approaches are needed to build narratives of change and to comprehend impacts before, during and after smart city projects. We propose criteria for social impact evaluation in smart cities and identify new directions for research. This is of interest for smart city developers, researchers, funders and policymakers establishing protocols and frameworks for evaluation, particularly as smart city concepts and complex technologies evolve in the context of equitable and sustainable development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mti7030033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]],"date-time":"2023-03-23T02:35:26Z","timestamp":1679538926000},"page":"33","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Evaluating Social Impact of Smart City Technologies and Services: Methods, Challenges, Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8878-1355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elise","family":"Hodson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Design, Aalto University, V\u00e4re, Otaniementie 14, 02150 Espoo, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0868-6281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teija","family":"Vainio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Design, Aalto University, V\u00e4re, Otaniementie 14, 02150 Espoo, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6235-2904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michel Nader","family":"Say\u00fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Design, Aalto University, V\u00e4re, Otaniementie 14, 02150 Espoo, Finland"},{"name":"Forum Virium Helsinki, Unioninkatu 24, 00130 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1998-2975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Tomitsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture, Design and Planning, The University of Sydney, 148 City Road, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finland Futures Research Centre, University of Turku, Korkeavuorenkatu 25 A 2, 00130 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meri","family":"Jalonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Business and Hospitality Management, LAB University of Applied Sciences, Mukkulankatu 19, 15210 Lahti, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Management, Aalto University, Ekonominaukio 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1153-1491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmet","family":"B\u00f6r\u00fctecene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Media and Information Technology, Link\u00f6ping University, SE-581 83 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md Tanvir","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software Engineering, LUT University, Yliopistonkatu 34, 53850 Lappeenranta, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Paraschivoiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Human-Computer Interaction, University of Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer Stra\u00dfe 8, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"},{"name":"Polycular, Salzgasse 2, 5400 Hallein, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6638-6677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annika","family":"Wolff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software Engineering, LUT University, Yliopistonkatu 34, 53850 Lappeenranta, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9720-3717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharon","family":"Yavo-Ayalon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation, Columbia University, 1172 Amsterdam Ave, New York, NY 10027, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6280-8097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sari","family":"Yli-Kauhaluoma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management, Aalto University, Ekonominaukio 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland"},{"name":"VERIFIN, University of Helsinki, A.I. 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