{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T11:50:19Z","timestamp":1772797819628,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Defence Industrial Development Program (EDIDP)","award":["EDIDP-SVTE-2020-047-VERTIgO"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EDIDP-SVTE-2020-047-VERTIgO"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MTI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The contemporary geopolitical environment and strategic uncertainty shaped by asymmetric and hybrid threats urge the future development of hands-on training in realistic environments. Training in immersive, virtual environments is a promising approach. Immersive training can support training for contexts that are otherwise hard to access, dangerous, or have high costs. This paper discusses the challenges for virtual reality training in the CBRN (chemical, biological, radioactive, nuclear) domain. Based on initial considerations and a literature review, we conducted a survey and three workshops to gather requirements for CBRN training in virtual environments. We structured the gathered insights into four overarching themes\u2014the future of CBRN training, ethical and safety requirements, evaluation and feedback, and tangible objects and tools. We provide insights on these four themes and discuss recommendations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mti7090088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T10:48:28Z","timestamp":1694429308000},"page":"88","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Challenges in Virtual Reality Training for CBRN Events"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4483-7710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georg","family":"Regal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9075-0187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Pretolesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5327-2494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helmut","family":"Schrom-Feiertag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4985-626X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaison","family":"Puthenkalam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9966-5026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Migliorini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione LINKS, 10138 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elios","family":"De Maio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione LINKS, 10138 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4989-222X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Scarrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione LINKS, 10138 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Nadalin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione LINKS, 10138 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8041-4067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Guarneri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, 00044 Frascati, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6030-1428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grace P.","family":"Xerri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6772-2310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Di Giovanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9856-7766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Tessari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Affari Internazionali, 00186 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Genna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione SAFE-Security and Freedom for Europe, 37038 Soave, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"D\u2019Angelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione SAFE-Security and Freedom for Europe, 37038 Soave, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8200-3656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Murtinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2023, September 08). 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