{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T19:02:28Z","timestamp":1768590148441,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]],"date-time":"2023-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001866","name":"Luxembourg National Research Fund (FNR)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12635165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12635165"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001866","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MTI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Interacting with virtual agents in immersive settings is becoming increasingly common thanks to the proliferation of dedicated media devices, such as consumer-grade virtual and augmented reality headsets. These technologies offer many advantages, e.g., in terms of presence and engagement, and can impact user behavior and attitudes toward virtual agents. Recognizing and understanding these effects is essential, especially in critical contexts involving the delegation of high-stake decisions to virtual agents. This article presents two experiments that explore users\u2019 delegatory behavior toward virtual agents experienced via different media devices that vary in their technological immersion, i.e., a device\u2019s technical capacity to deliver immersive experiences. The experiments\u2019 results suggest that technological immersion is not a significant factor in users\u2019 delegation decisions. Thus, for virtual agents designed to carry out critical tasks, developers may focus on other relevant factors, such as agents\u2019 trustworthiness or performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mti7110106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]],"date-time":"2023-11-16T01:56:29Z","timestamp":1700099789000},"page":"106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Technological Immersion and Delegation to Virtual Agents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7066-6009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ningyuan","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"VR\/AR Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Luxembourg, L-4364 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8492-7708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean","family":"Botev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VR\/AR Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Luxembourg, L-4364 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lugrin, B., Pelachaud, C., and Traum, D. (2021). The Handbook on Socially Interactive Agents: 20 Years of Research on Embodied Conversational Agents, Intelligent Virtual Agents, and Social Robotics Volume 1: Methods, Behavior, Cognition, Association for Computing Machinery. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1145\/3477322.3477324"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lugrin, B., Pelachaud, C., and Traum, D. (2022). The Handbook on Socially Interactive Agents: 20 Years of Research on Embodied Conversational Agents, Intelligent Virtual Agents, and Social Robotics Volume 2: Interactivity, Platforms, Application, Association for Computing Machinery. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1145\/3563659"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergmann, K., and Macedonia, M. (2013, January 29\u201331). A Virtual Agent As Vocabulary Trainer: Iconic Gestures Help To Improve Learners\u2019 Memory Performance. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, Edinburgh, UK.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-40415-3_12"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1002\/mar.21792","article-title":"Effects of Communication Style on Relational Outcomes in Interactions Between Customers and Embodied Conversational Agents","volume":"40","author":"Pluymaekers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol. Mark."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5869","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-022-02700-1","article-title":"The Effect of Avatar Facial Expressions on Trust Building in Social Virtual Reality","volume":"39","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vis. Comput."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1145\/272874.272877","article-title":"Steve: An Animated Pedagogical Agent for Procedural Training in Virtual Environments","volume":"8","author":"Johnson","year":"1997","journal-title":"ACM SIGART Bull."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2022.103233","article-title":"Effects of Human Versus Virtual Human Influencers on the Appearance Anxiety of Social Media Users","volume":"71","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Retail. Consum. Serv."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lugrin, B., Pelachaud, C., and Traum, D. (2021). The Handbook on Socially Interactive Agents: 20 Years of Research on Embodied Conversational Agents, Intelligent Virtual Agents, and Social Robotics Volume 1: Methods, Behavior, Cognition, Association for Computing Machinery. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1145\/3477322.3477324"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.5594\/JMI.2022.3153646","article-title":"Exploring Realtime Conversational Virtual Characters","volume":"131","author":"Nguyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"SMPTE Motion Imaging J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2021\/15882","article-title":"The Next Generation of Research on IS Use: A Theoretical Framework of Delegation to and from Agentic IS Artifacts","volume":"45","author":"Baird","year":"2021","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.1996.0100","article-title":"Delegating to Software Agents","volume":"46","author":"Milewski","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Rosenberg, L. (2023, January 28). The Manipulation Problem: Conversational AI as a Threat to Epistemic Agency. Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Workshop on Generative AI and HCI, Online."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.72.2.228","article-title":"Power Relinquishment Versus Power Sharing: Theoretical Clarification and Empirical Comparison of Delegation and Participation","volume":"72","author":"Leana","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2016.0662","article-title":"To Delegate or Not To Delegate: Gender Differences in Affective Associations and Behavioral Responses to Delegation","volume":"61","author":"Akinola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.2307\/256457","article-title":"Agency- and Institutional-Theory Explanations: The Case of Retail Sales Compensation","volume":"31","author":"Eisenhardt","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.17705\/1thci.00058","article-title":"The Buck Stops There: The Impact of Perceived Accountability and Control on the Intention to Delegate to Software Agents","volume":"6","author":"Stout","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIS Trans. Hum.-Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Lubars, B., and Tan, C. (2019, January 8\u201314). Ask Not What AI Can Do, But What AI Should Do: Towards a Framework of Task Delegability. Proceedings of the 33rd International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, Vancouver, BC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogsys.2022.11.007","article-title":"Design and User Experience Analysis of AR Intelligent Virtual Agents in Smartphone","volume":"78","author":"Gan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cogn. Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.2991\/j.jegh.2018.08.104","article-title":"A Tablet Based Embodied Conversational Agent to Promote Smoking Cessation Among Veterans: A Feasibility Study","volume":"8","author":"Abdullah","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3079","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2019.2958332","article-title":"VR Disability Simulation Reduces Implicit Bias Towards Persons with Disabilities","volume":"27","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13029","article-title":"Investigating the Effect of Teaching as A Generative Learning Strategy When Learning Through Desktop and Immersive VR: A Media and Methods Experiment","volume":"51","author":"Klingenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Perkis, A., Timmerer, C., Barakovi\u0107, S., Husi\u0107, J.B., Bech, S., Bosse, S., Botev, J., Brunnstr\u00f6m, K., Cruz, L., and De Moor, K. (2020). European Network on Quality of Experience in Multimedia Systems and Services, 14th QUALINET Meeting (Online), OPUS."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reinhard, R., Telatar, E., and Humayoun, S.R. (2022). Comparison of Object Detection in Head-Mounted and Desktop Displays for Congruent and Incongruent Environments. Big Data Cogn. Comput., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/bdcc6010028"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s12193-018-0289-8","article-title":"Training Doctors\u2019 Social Skills to Break Bad News: Evaluation of the Impact of Virtual Environment Displays on the Sense of Presence","volume":"13","author":"Ochs","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Multimodal User Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2017.12.007","article-title":"Adding Immersive Virtual Reality to A Science Lab Simulation Causes More Presence But Less Learning","volume":"60","author":"Makransky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Learn. Instr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2017.2653117","article-title":"Effects of Different Types of Virtual Reality Display on Presence and Learning in a Safety Training Scenario","volume":"24","author":"Buttussi","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1080\/15213269.2015.1015740","article-title":"How Immersive Is Enough? A Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Immersive Technology on User Presence","volume":"19","author":"Cummings","year":"2016","journal-title":"Media Psychol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2013.12.024","article-title":"Effects of Virtual Environment Platforms on Emotional Responses","volume":"113","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Programs Biomed."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.96.1.165","article-title":"Personalized Messages That Promote Science Learning in Virtual Environments","volume":"96","author":"Moreno","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Jenks, J.M., and Kelly, J.M. (1986). Don\u2019t Do, Delegate!, Ballantine Books."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Moore, F.G. (1982). The Management of Organizations, University of California."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.31.041304.122159","article-title":"Agency Theory","volume":"31","author":"Shapiro","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Sociol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8890(98)00028-1","article-title":"Towards a Theory of Delegation for Agent-Based Systems","volume":"24","author":"Castelfranchi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Robot. Auton. Syst."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"678","article-title":"Cognitive Challenges in Human\u2013Artificial Intelligence Collaboration: Investigating the Path Toward Productive Delegation","volume":"33","author":"Grahl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/mde.2982","article-title":"Me or Information Technology? Adoption of Artificial Intelligence in the Delegation of Personal Strategic Decisions","volume":"40","author":"Schneider","year":"2019","journal-title":"Manag. Decis. Econ."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Freisinger, E., and Schneider, S. (2021, January 12\u201315). Only a Coward Hides Behind AI? Preferences in Surrogate, Moral Decision-Making. Proceedings of the 42nd International Conference on Information Systems, Austin, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Leyer, M., Oberlaender, A., Dootson, P., and Kowalkiewicz, M. (2020, January 22\u201324). Decision-Making with Artificial Intelligence: Towards a Novel Conceptualization of Patterns. Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems, Dubai, United Arab Emirates."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2021.103503","article-title":"Acceptance of Technological Agency: Beyond the Perception of Utilitarian Value","volume":"58","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, N., and Botev, J. (2021, January 9\u201311). Why Do We Delegate to Intelligent Virtual Agents? Influencing Factors on Delegation Decisions. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction, Virtual.","DOI":"10.1145\/3472307.3484680"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Sun, N., Botev, J., Khaluf, Y., and Simoens, P. (September, January 29). Theory of Mind and Delegation to Robotic Virtual Agents. Proceedings of the 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot & Human Interactive Communication, Naples, Italy."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2022.107308","article-title":"Rise of The Machines: Delegating Decisions to Autonomous AI","volume":"134","author":"Candrian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.2307\/258792","article-title":"An Integrative Model of Organizational Trust","volume":"20","author":"Mayer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jce.2016.02.002","article-title":"Trust and Delegation: Theory and Evidence","volume":"45","author":"Gur","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Comp. Econ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1002\/mar.20201","article-title":"Decision Delegation: A Conceptualization and Empirical Investigation","volume":"25","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychol. Mark."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8492","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-11518-9","article-title":"Delegation to Artificial Agents Fosters Prosocial Behaviors in the Collective Risk Dilemma","volume":"12","author":"Terrucha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"F\u00fcgener, A., Grahl, J., Gupta, A., Ketter, W., and Taudien, A. (2021, January 12\u201315). Exploring User Heterogeneity in Human Delegation Behavior Towards AI. Proceedings of the 42nd International Conference on Information Systems, Austin, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Murray, J.H. (2017). Hamlet on the Holodeck: The Future of Narrative in Cyberspace, MIT Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.17011\/ht\/urn.201611174652","article-title":"Immersion Revisited: A Review of Existing Definitions of Immersion and Their Relation to Different Theories of Presence","volume":"12","author":"Nilsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Technol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1997.6.6.603","article-title":"A Framework for Immersive Virtual Environments (FIVE): Speculations on the Role of Presence in Virtual Environments","volume":"6","author":"Slater","year":"1997","journal-title":"Presence"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Note on Presence Terminology","volume":"3","author":"Slater","year":"2003","journal-title":"Presence Connect"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-018-0346-3","article-title":"Virtual Memory Palaces: Immersion Aids Recall","volume":"23","author":"Krokos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virtual Real."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-019-00411-y","article-title":"Level of Immersion Affects Spatial Learning in Virtual Environments: Results of a Three-Condition Within-Subjects Study with Long Intersession Intervals","volume":"24","author":"Pollard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virtual Real."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henderson, S.J., and Feiner, S. (2009, January 19\u201322). Evaluating the Benefits of Augmented Reality for Task Localization in Maintenance of an Armored Personnel Carrier Turret. Proceedings of the 8th IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality, Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR.2009.5336486"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1002\/hfm.20364","article-title":"A Comparative Study of Head-Mounted and Table-Mounted Augmented Vision Systems for Assembly Error Detection","volume":"24","author":"Odenthal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Factors Ergon. Manuf. Serv. Ind."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.12.018","article-title":"The Impact of Immersion on the Perception of Pornography: A Virtual Reality Study","volume":"93","author":"Simon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pallavicini, F., and Pepe, A. (2019, January 22\u201325). Comparing Player Experience in Video Games Played in Virtual Reality or on Desktop Displays: Immersion, Flow, and Positive Emotions. Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play Companion Extended Abstracts, Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1145\/3341215.3355736"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pejsa, T., Gleicher, M., and Mutlu, B. (2017, January 27\u201330). Who, Me? How Virtual Agents Can Shape Conversational Footing in Virtual Reality. Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, Stockholm, Sweden.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-67401-8_45"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2014.0682","article-title":"Level of Immersion in Virtual Environments Impacts the Ability to Assess and Teach Social Skills in Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"19","author":"Miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Hepperle, D., \u00d6dell, H., and W\u00f6lfel, M. (October, January 29). Differences in the Uncanny Valley Between Head-Mounted Displays and Monitors. Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Cyberworlds, Caen, France."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madeira, T., Marques, B., Neves, P., Dias, P., and Santos, B.S. (2022). Comparing Desktop vs. Mobile Interaction for the Creation of Pervasive Augmented Reality Experiences. J. Imaging, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging8030079"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01330","article-title":"Age-Related Differences With Immersive and Non-immersive Virtual Reality in Memory Assessment","volume":"10","author":"Sahula","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2021.101475","article-title":"Wayfinding Behaviour in A Multi-Level Building: A Comparative Study of HMD VR and Desktop VR","volume":"51","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Inform."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-008-0223-2","article-title":"Head-Mounted Display Versus Desktop for 3D Navigation in Virtual Reality: A User Study","volume":"41","author":"Sousa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-019-00412-x","article-title":"Game Play in Virtual Reality Driving Simulation Involving Head-Mounted Display and Comparison to Desktop Display","volume":"24","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virtual Real."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1515\/ijdhd-2014-0325","article-title":"Virtual Exercises to Promote Cognitive Recovery in Stroke Patients: The Comparison Between Head Mounted Displays Versus Screen Exposure Methods","volume":"13","author":"Gamito","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Disabil. Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13440","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92536-x","article-title":"Investigating the Utility of VR for Spatial Understanding in Surgical Planning: Evaluation of Head-Mounted to Desktop Display","volume":"11","author":"Hattab","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.2019.1628889","article-title":"Shopping in Virtual Reality Stores: The Influence of Immersion on System Adoption","volume":"36","author":"Peukert","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Manag. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"2045","article-title":"Mobile Virtual Reality as an Educational Platform: A Pilot Study on the Impact of Immersion and Positive Emotion Induction in the Learning Process","volume":"14","author":"Contero","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Math. Sci. Technol. Educ."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Ermi, L., and M\u00e4yr\u00e4, F. (2005, January 16\u201320). Fundamental Components of the Gameplay Experience: Analyzing Immersion. Proceedings of the 2nd DiGRA International Conference, Vancouver, BC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolf, M.J., and Perron, B. (2013). The Video Game Theory Reader, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203700457"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"58","article-title":"La Th\u00e9orie du Jeu et les \u00c9quations Int\u00e9grales a Noyau Sym\u00e9trique","volume":"173","author":"Borel","year":"1921","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus L\u2019Acad\u00e9mie Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000699","article-title":"Single Item Measures in Psychological Science","volume":"38","author":"Allen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.2501\/JAR-2017-001","article-title":"Single Versus Multiple Measurement of Attitudes: A Meta-Analysis of Advertising Studies Validates the Single-Item Measure Approach","volume":"58","author":"Ang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Advert. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2008.04.004","article-title":"Measuring and Defining the Experience of Immersion in Games","volume":"66","author":"Jennett","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1379(199903)20:2<219::AID-JOB922>3.0.CO;2-8","article-title":"Determinants of Delegation and Consultation by Managers","volume":"20","author":"Yukl","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Organ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, N., and Botev, J. (2021, January 28). Virtual Agent Representation for Critical Transactions. Proceedings of the 13rd International Workshop on Immersive Mixed and Virtual Environment Systems, Istanbul, Turkey.","DOI":"10.1145\/3458307.3463372"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Payne, J., Szymkowiak, A., Robertson, P., and Johnson, G. (2013, January 29\u201331). Gendering the Machine: Preferred Virtual Assistant Gender and Realism in Self-Service. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, Edinburgh, UK.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-40415-3_9"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139208967392","article-title":"Trust, Control Strategies and Allocation of Function in Human-Machine Systems","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327566IJCE0401_04","article-title":"Foundations for an Empirically Determined Scale of Trust in Automated Systems","volume":"4","author":"Jian","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Cogn. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.63.4.596","article-title":"Inclusion of Other in the Self Scale and the Structure of Interpersonal Closeness","volume":"63","author":"Aron","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1521\/soco.2009.27.6.949","article-title":"It\u2019s All in the Timing: Interpersonal Synchrony Increases Affiliation","volume":"27","author":"Hove","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2008.02253.x","article-title":"Synchrony and Cooperation","volume":"20","author":"Wiltermuth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2019.2899305","article-title":"First Impressions Count! The Role of the Human\u2019s Emotional State on Rapport Established With an Empathic Versus Neutral Virtual Therapist","volume":"12","author":"Ranjbartabar","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17356","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35813-6","article-title":"Using Mimicry of Body Movements by a Virtual Agent To Increase Synchronization Behavior and Rapport in Individuals With Schizophrenia","volume":"8","author":"Raffard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cerekovic, A., Aran, O., and Gatica-Perez, D. (2014, January 12). How Do You Like Your Virtual Agent? Human-Agent Interaction Experience Through Nonverbal Features and Personality Traits. Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Human Behavior Understanding, Zurich, Switzerland.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-11839-0_1"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, N., Botev, J., and Simoens, P. (2023, January 19\u201322). The Effect of Rapport on Delegation to Virtual Agents. Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, W\u00fcrzburg, Germany.","DOI":"10.1145\/3570945.3607321"}],"container-title":["Multimodal Technologies and Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-4088\/7\/11\/106\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:23:50Z","timestamp":1760131430000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-4088\/7\/11\/106"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["mti7110106"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mti7110106","relation":{},"ISSN":["2414-4088"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2414-4088","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]]}}}