{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:40:42Z","timestamp":1760150442884,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,18]],"date-time":"2023-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["688417"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["688417"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MTI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, research reached a very high level of development and validation of augmented prototyping systems in support of collaborative design activities. However, there is still great scepticism in companies when it comes to integrating these new technologies within a consolidated working model. Among others, the main barrier to overcome concerns the lack of understanding of the impact of AR systems on the key objectives of a business, such as improving its efficiency and revenue. For this reason, this paper aims to quantify these indicators by observing the technological impact not on a single design session but on an entire product development process, during which the aspects related to its integration are also considered. Thanks to the collaboration with a design agency, it was possible to compare parameters such as the lead time, number of iterations, person-hours and costs between two similar and realistic projects in which only one was supported by projection-based AR technology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mti7110108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,18]],"date-time":"2023-11-18T07:33:18Z","timestamp":1700292798000},"page":"108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Measuring the Impact of Augmented Prototyping Systems in Co-Design Activities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8233-4992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Morosi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20156 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1641-3796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niccol\u00f2","family":"Becattini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20156 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2654-093X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giandomenico","family":"Caruso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20156 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1827-6454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaetano","family":"Cascini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20156 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/jpim.12547","article-title":"The Transformation of the Innovation Process: How Digital Tools are Changing Work, Collaboration, and Organizations in New Product Development","volume":"38","author":"Marion","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Prod. Innov. Manag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brereton, M., and McGarry, B. (2000, January 1\u20136). An observational study of how objects support engineering design thinking and communication. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems\u2014CHI \u201900, The Hague, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1145\/332040.332434"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1108\/13665620510588671","article-title":"Learning from collaborative new product development projects","volume":"17","author":"Kleinsmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Workplace Learn."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2008.07.001","article-title":"Computer supported collaborative design: Retrospective and perspective","volume":"59","author":"Shen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Ind."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Isa, S., and Liem, A. (2014, January 19\u201322). Classifying physical models and prototypes in the design process: A study on the economical and usability impact of adopting models and prototypes in the design process. Proceedings of the DESIGN 2014 13th International Design Conference, Dubrovnik, Croatia."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Coutts, E.R., and Pugsley, C. (2018, January 9\u201310). Physical versus virtual prototyping and their effect on design solutions. Proceedings of the International Conference on Engineering Design, ICED, Malacca, Malaysia."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Broek, J.J., Sleijffers, W., Horv\u00e1th, I., and Lennings, A.F. (2000, January 26\u201328). Using Physical Models in Design. Proceedings of the CAID\/CD\u20192000 Conference, Hong Kong, China."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"62","article-title":"Augmented prototyping: Augemented reality to support the design process","volume":"1","author":"Verlinden","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ar[T] Augment. Reality Art Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Bandyopadhyay, D., Raskar, R., and Fuchs, H. (2001, January 29\u201330). Dynamic shader lamps: Painting on movable objects. Proceedings of the IEEE and ACM International Symposium on Augmented Reality, New York, NY, USA."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raskar, R., Welch, G., Low, K.L., and Bandyopadhyay, D. (2001, January 25\u201327). Shader Lamps: Animating Real Objects With Image-Based Illumination. Proceedings of the Rendering Techniques, London, UK.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-6242-2_9"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2009.209","article-title":"A Spatially Augmented Reality Sketching Interface for Architectural Daylighting Design","volume":"17","author":"Sheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gervais, R., Roo, J.S., and Hachet, M. (2016, January 14\u201317). Tangible Viewports: Getting Out of Flatland in Desktop Environments. Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction\u2014TEI \u201916, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1145\/2839462.2839468"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1023\/B:BTTJ.0000047607.16164.16","article-title":"Bringing Clay and Sand into Digital Design\u2014Continuous Tangible user Interfaces","volume":"22","author":"Ishii","year":"2004","journal-title":"BT Technol. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2018.00093","article-title":"MoSART: Mobile Spatial Augmented Reality for 3D Interaction with Tangible Objects","volume":"5","author":"Cortes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Robot. AI"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2013.12.018","article-title":"Hand gesture guided robot-assisted surgery based on a direct augmented reality interface","volume":"116","author":"Wen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Programs Biomed."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2354","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2011.02066.x","article-title":"Visualisation Techniques for Using Spatial Augmented Reality in the Design Process of a Car","volume":"30","author":"Menk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Graph. Forum"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bimber, O., Wetzstein, G., Emmerling, A., and Nitschke, C. (2005, January 5\u20138). Enabling view-dependent stereoscopic projection in real environments. Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE and ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR\u201905), Vienna, Austria.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR.2005.27"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, H., Iwai, D., Hiura, S., and Sato, K. (2006, January 18\u201321). User Interface by Virtual Shadow Projection. Proceedings of the 2006 SICE\u2014ICASE International Joint Conference, Busan, Republic of Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/SICE.2006.314974"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1017\/S0890060409000250","article-title":"Analyzing opportunities for using interactive augmented prototyping in design practice","volume":"23","author":"Verlinden","year":"2009","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Eng. Des. Anal. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hartmann, B., Morris, M.R., Benko, H., and Wilson, A.D. (2010, January 6\u201310). Pictionaire: Supporting Collaborative Design Work by Integrating Physical and Digital Artifacts. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW \u201910), Savannah, GA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1718918.1718989"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"143","article-title":"The Interactive Projection Mapping as a Spatial Augmented Reality to Help Collaborative Design: Case Study in Architectural Design","volume":"Volume 8091","author":"Calixte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cooperative Design, Visualization, and Engineering, Proceedings of the 14th International Conference, CDVE 2017, Mallorca, Spain, 17\u201320 September 2017"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"38","article-title":"Spatial augmented reality for product appearance design evaluation","volume":"2","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Comput. Des. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nam, T.J., and Lee, W. (2003, January 5\u201310). Integrating Hardware and Software: Augmented Reality Based Prototyping Method for Digital Products. Proceedings of the Extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems (CHI \u201903), Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/765891.766092"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Port, S.R., Marner, M.R., Smith, R.T., Zucco, J.E., and Thomas, B.H. (2010, January 13\u201316). Validating Spatial Augmented Reality for interactive rapid prototyping. Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality, Seoul, Republic of Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR.2010.5643599"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furht, B. (2011). Handbook of Augmented Reality, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-0064-6"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Verlinden, J., Duijnen, F.V., and Horvath, I. (2010, January 20\u201322). Validating the strengths and weaknesses of Interactive Augmented Prototyping in Industry. Proceedings of the IDMME\u2014Virtual Concept, Bordeaux, France."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Verlinden, J., Doubrovski, E., and Horvath, I. (2012, January 7\u201311). Assessing the industrial impact of interactive augmented prototyping in several abstraction levels. Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Tools and Methods of Competitive Engineering\u2014TCME-2012, Karlsruhe, Germany."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Irlitti, A., and Itzstein, S.V. (February, January 29). Validating constraint driven design techniques in spatial augmented reality. Proceedings of the Fourteenth Australasian User Interface Conference (AUIC2013), Adelaide, Australia."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akaoka, E., Ginn, T., and Vertegaal, R. (2010, January 24\u201327). DisplayObjects: Prototyping functional physical interfaces on 3D styrofoam, paper or cardboard models. Proceedings of the Tangible and Embedded Interaction, Cambridge, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1709886.1709897"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, Y.J., Yang, Y., Chae, S., Kim, I., and don Han, T. (2017, January 5\u20138). DesignAR: Portable projection-based AR system specialized in interior design. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC), Banff, AB, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/SMC.2017.8123064"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2020.103308","article-title":"Exploring the use of AR technology for co-creative product and packaging design","volume":"123","author":"Cascini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Ind."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas, B.H., Itzstein, G.S.V., Vernik, R., Porter, S., Marner, M.R., Smith, R.T., Broecker, M., Close, B., Walker, S., and Pickersgill, S. (2011, January 21\u201325). Spatial augmented reality support for design of complex physical environments. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops\u2014PERCOM Workshops, Pisa, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/PERCOMW.2011.5766958"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Hare, J.A., Dekoninck, E., Giunta, L., Boujut, J.F., and Becattini, N. (2018, January 21\u201324). Exploring the performance of augmented reality technologies in co-creative sessions: Initial results from controlled experiments. Proceedings of the International Design Conference, DESIGN, Dubrovnik, Croatia.","DOI":"10.21278\/idc.2018.0391"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giunta, L., Ben-Guefrache, F., Dekoninck, E., Gopsill, J., O\u2019Hare, J., and Morosi, F. (2019, January 5\u20138). Investigating the impact of spatial augmented reality on communication between design session participants\u2014A pilot study. Proceedings of the International Conference on Engineering Design, ICED, Delft, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1017\/dsi.2019.203"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2021.102719","article-title":"Exploring Tablet Interfaces for Product Appearance Authoring in Spatial Augmented Reality","volume":"156","author":"Morosi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.14733\/cadaps.2021.343-356","article-title":"High-fidelity Rendering of Physical Colour References for Projected-based Spatial Augmented Reality Design Applications","volume":"18","author":"Morosi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput.-Aided Des. Appl."}],"container-title":["Multimodal Technologies and Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-4088\/7\/11\/108\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:25:17Z","timestamp":1760131517000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-4088\/7\/11\/108"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,18]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["mti7110108"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mti7110108","relation":{},"ISSN":["2414-4088"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2414-4088"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,18]]}}}