{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T12:28:40Z","timestamp":1776083320482,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]],"date-time":"2024-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Austrian Federal Ministry for Climate Action, Environment, Energy, Mobility, Innovation and Technology, the Federal Ministry for Digital and Economic Affairs, and the federal state of Salzburg","award":["FO999904898"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FO999904898"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MTI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Running is a popular sport throughout the world. Breathing strategies like stable breathing and slow breathing can positively influence the runner\u2019s physiological and psychological experiences. Sonic breathing instructions are an established, unobtrusive method used in contexts such as exercise and meditation. We argue sound to be a viable approach for administering breathing strategies whilst running. This paper describes two laboratory studies using within-subject designs that investigated the usage of sonic breathing instructions with novice female runners. The first study (N = 11) examined the effect of information richness of five different breathing instruction sounds on adherence and user experience. The second study (N = 11) explored adherence and user experience of sonically more enriched sounds, and aimed to increase the sonic experience. Results showed that all sounds were effective in stabilizing the breathing rate (study 1 and 2, respectively: mean absolute percentage error = 1.16 \u00b1 1.05% and 1.9 \u00b1 0.11%, percent time attached = 86.81 \u00b1 9.71% and 86.18 \u00b1 11.96%). Information-rich sounds were subjectively more effective compared to information-poor sounds (mean ratings: 7.55 \u00b1 1.86 and 5.36 \u00b1 2.42, respectively). All sounds scored low (mean &lt; 5\/10) on intention to use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mti8040025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]],"date-time":"2024-03-22T05:10:53Z","timestamp":1711084253000},"page":"25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Into the Rhythm: Evaluating Breathing Instruction Sound Experiences on the Run with Novice Female Runners"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Vincent","family":"van Rheden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Human Interfaces, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Harbour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, 5400 Hallein-Rif, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2736-2004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Finkenzeller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, 5400 Hallein-Rif, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Meschtscherjakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Human Interfaces, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2016.11.027","article-title":"Global participation in sport and leisure-time physical activities: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"95","author":"Hulteen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Strava (2024, February 01). Year in Sport 2020. Available online: https:\/\/blog.strava.com\/press\/yis2020\/."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Hockey, J., and Allen-Collinson, J. (2016). Endurance Running: A Socio-Cultural Examination, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00922","article-title":"Respiratory Frequency during Exercise: The Neglected Physiological Measure","volume":"8","author":"Massaroni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813243","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.813243","article-title":"Breath Tools: A Synthesis of Evidence-Based Breathing Strategies to Enhance Human Running","volume":"13","author":"Harbour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsumoto, T., Matsunaga, A., Hara, M., Saitoh, M., Yonezawa, R., Ishii, A., Kutsuna, T., Yamamoto, K., and Masuda, T. (2008). Effects of the breathing mode characterized by prolonged expiration on respiratory and cardiovascular responses and autonomic nervous activity during the exercise. Jpn. J. Phys. Fit. Sport. Med., 315\u2013326.","DOI":"10.7600\/jspfsm.57.315"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2011.06.025","article-title":"Effects of prolonged expiration breathing on cardiopulmonary responses during incremental exercise","volume":"178","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0245-z","article-title":"Exercise-related transient abdominal pain (ETAP)","volume":"45","author":"Morton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-021-04690-9","article-title":"An integrative approach to the pulmonary physiology of exercise: When does biological sex matter?","volume":"121","author":"Archiza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menheere, D., Janssen, M., Funk, M., van der Spek, E., Lallemand, C., and Vos, S. (2020). Runner\u2019s Perceptions of Reasons to Quit Running: Influence of Gender, Age and Running-Related Characteristics. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17176046"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2018.06.003","article-title":"Reasons and predictors of discontinuation of running after a running program for novice runners","volume":"22","author":"Fokkema","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Godbout, A., and Boyd, J.E. (2015, January 19\u201322). Audio Visual Synchronization of Rhythm. Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on 3D Vision, Lyon, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/3DV.2015.72"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Rheden, V., Harbour, E., Finkenzeller, T., Burr, L.A., Meschtscherjakov, A., and Tscheligi, M. (2021, January 1\u20133). Run, Beep, Breathe: Exploring the Effects on Adherence and User Experience of 5 Breathing Instruction Sounds While Running. Proceedings of the Audio Mostly 2021 (AM \u201921), Virtual\/Trento, Italy.","DOI":"10.1145\/3478384.3478412"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jensen, M.M., and Mueller, F.F. (2014, January 2\u20135). Running with Technology: Where Are We Heading?. Proceedings of the 26th Australian Computer-Human Interaction Conference on Designing Futures: The Future of Design (OzCHI \u201914), New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2686612.2686696"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Elvitigala, D., Karahano\u011flu, A., Matviienko, A., Vidal, L., Postma, D., Jones, M., Montoya, M., Harrison, D., Elb\u00e6k, L., and Daiber, F. (1994, January 24\u201328). Grand Challenges in SportsHCI. Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI\u201924), Boston, MA, USA."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1089\/g4h.2016.0018","article-title":"Enhancing aerobic exercise with a novel virtual exercise buddy based on the K\u00f6hler effect","volume":"5","author":"Max","year":"2016","journal-title":"Games Health J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michael, A., and Lutteroth, C. (2020, January 25\u201330). Race yourselves: A longitudinal exploration of self-competition between past, present, and future performances in a vr exergame. Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376256"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1089\/g4h.2013.0088","article-title":"Cyber buddy is better than no buddy: A test of the K\u00f6hler motivation effect in exergames","volume":"3","author":"Feltz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Games Health J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1089\/g4h.2012.0047","article-title":"Is my exercise partner similar enough? Partner characteristics as a moderator of the K\u00f6hler effect in exergames","volume":"1","author":"Forlenza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Games Health J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ioannou, C., Archard, P., O\u2019neill, E., and Lutteroth, C. (2019, January 4\u20139). Virtual performance augmentation in an immersive jump & run exergame. Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Glasgow, UK.","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300388"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Nunes, M., Nedel, L., and Roesler, V. (2024, January 8\u201310). Motivating people to perform better in exergames: Competition in virtual environments. Proceedings of the 29th Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing, Chicago, IL, USA."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burr, L., Betzlbacher, N., Meschtscherjakov, A., and Tscheligi, M. (2022, January 29\u201331). Breathing Training on the Run: Exploring Users Perception on a Gamified Breathing Training Application During Treadmill Running. Proceedings of the International Conference on Persuasive Technology, Doha, Qatar.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-98438-0_5"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamada, T., Okada, M., and Kitazaki, M. (2017, January 18\u201322). Jogging with a virtual runner using a see-through HMD. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Virtual Reality (VR), Los Angeles, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2017.7892371"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, C.T., Byrney, R., Luiz, S., Liux, W., and Mueller, F. (2015, January 2\u20136). JoggAR: A mixed-modality AR approach for technology-augmented jogging. Proceedings of the SIGGRAPH Asia 2015 Mobile Graphics and Interactive Applications (SA 2015), Kobe, Japan.","DOI":"10.1145\/2818427.2818434"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Zarin, R. (2017). Faster. Stronger. Better? Designing for Enhanced Engagement of Extreme Sports. [Ph.D. Thesis, Ume\u00e5 Universitet]."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Cooper, D. (2024, February 01). Recon Jet Review: Expensive Fitness Glasses With Potential to Be Better. Engadget. Available online: https:\/\/www.engadget.com\/2015-07-17-recon-jet-review.html."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janssen, M., Walravens, R., Thibaut, E., Scheerder, J., Brombacher, A., and Vos, S. (2020). Understanding Different Types of Recreational Runners and How They Use Running-Related Technology. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17072276"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Mauriello, M., Gubbels, M., and Froehlich, J. (May, January 26). Social fabric fitness: The design and evaluation of wearable E-textile displays to support group running. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Toronto, ON, Canada."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Colley, A., Wo\u017aniak, P., Kiss, F., and H\u00e4kkil\u00e4, J. (October, January 29). Shoe Integrated Displays: A Prototype Sports Shoe Display and Design Space. Proceedings of the 10th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, Oslo, Norway."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seuter, M., Pfeiffer, M., Bauer, G., Zentgraf, K., and Kray, C. (2017, January 11\u201315). Running with technology: Evaluating the impact of interacting with wearable devices on running movement. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable And Ubiquitous Technologies, Maui, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3130966"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nylander, S., Jacobsson, M., and Tholander, J. (2014, January 26). Runright: Real-Time Visual and Audio Feedback on Running. Proceedings of the CHI \u201914 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Toronto, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1145\/2559206.2574806"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greinacher, R., Koji\u0107, T., Meier, L., Parameshappa, R., M\u00f6ller, S., and Voigt-Antons, J. (2020, January 26\u201328). Impact of tactile and visual feedback on breathing rhythm and user experience in VR exergaming. Proceedings of the 2020 Twelfth International Conference on Quality of Multimedia Experience (QOMEX), Athlone, Ireland.","DOI":"10.1109\/QoMEX48832.2020.9123141"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Valsted, F.M., Nielsen, C.V.H., Jensen, J.Q., Sonne, T., and Jensen, M.M. (December, January 28). Strive: Exploring Assistive Haptic Feedback on the Run. Proceedings of the 29th Australian Conference on Computer-Human Interaction, Brisbane, Australia."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112663","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2023.1112663","article-title":"Step-adaptive sound guidance enhances locomotor-respiratory coupling in novice female runners: A proof-of-concept study","volume":"5","author":"Harbour","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Sport. Act. Living"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1145\/3053332","article-title":"FootStriker: An EMS-Based Foot Strike Assistant for Running","volume":"1","author":"Hassan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Acm Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, B., Feijs, L., Funk, M., and Hu, J. (2015, January 14\u201318). Breathe with touch: A tactile interface for breathing assistance system. Proceedings of the Human-Computer Interaction\u2014INTERACT 2015: 15th IFIP TC 13 International Conference, Bamberg, Germany.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-22698-9_4"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1145\/3490498","article-title":"Touching Our Breathing through Shape-Change: Monster, Organic Other, or Twisted Mirror","volume":"29","author":"Karpashevich","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Rheden, V., Grah, T., and Meschtscherjakov, A. (2020, January 15\u201317). Sonification Approaches in Sports in the Past Decade: A Literature Review. Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Audio Mostly (AM \u201920), Graz, Austria.","DOI":"10.1145\/3411109.3411126"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00244","article-title":"A Review on the Relationship Between Sound and Movement in Sports and Rehabilitation","volume":"10","author":"Schaffert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984X.2011.631026","article-title":"Music in the exercise domain: A review and synthesis (Part I)","volume":"5","author":"Karageorghis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Zwinderman, M., Zavialova, T., Tetteroo, D., and Lehouck, P. (September, January 30). Oh music, where art thou?. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services, Stockholm, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Witkowski, E. (October, January 30). Running from zombies. Proceedings of the 9th Australasian Conference on Interactive Entertainment: Matters of Life and Death, Melbourne, VIC, Australia."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mueller, F.F., Vetere, F., Gibbs, M.R., Edge, D., Agamanolis, S., Sheridan, J.G., and Heer, J. (2012, January 5\u201310). Balancing exertion experiences. Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Austin, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2207676.2208322"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Grond, F., and Berger, J. (2011). The Sonification Handbook, Logos Publishing House."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cesarini, D., Ungerechts, B.E., and Hermann, T. (2015, January 13\u201315). Swimmers in the loop: Sensing moving water masses for an auditory biofeedback system. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS), Zadar, Croatia.","DOI":"10.1109\/SAS.2015.7133578"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s12193-011-0085-1","article-title":"Evaluation of four models for the sonification of elite rowing","volume":"5","author":"Dubus","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Multimodal User Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schaffert, N., Mattes, K., and Effenberg, A.O. (2011, January 7\u20139). Examining effects of acoustic feedback on perception and modification of movement patterns in on-water rowing training. Proceedings of the 6th Audio Mostly Conference: A Conference on Interaction with Sound, Coimbra, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1145\/2095667.2095685"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Hermann, T., Ungerechts, B., Toussaint, H., and Grote, M. (2012, January 18\u201321). Sonification of pressure changes in swimming for analysis and optimization. Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Auditory Display, Atlanta, GA, USA."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Yang, J., and Hunt, A. (2015, January 8\u201310). Real-time sonification of biceps curl exercise using muscular activity and kinematics. Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Auditory Display, Graz, Austria."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Godbout, A., Thornton, C., and Boyd, J.E. (2014, January 22\u201325). Mobile sonification for athletes: A case study in commercialization of sonification. Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Auditory Display (ICAD-2014), New York, NY, USA."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-015-4229-5","article-title":"Dynamics of the locomotor\u2013respiratory coupling at different frequencies","volume":"233","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"407","article-title":"Psychophysiological effects of synchronous versus asynchronous music during cycling","volume":"46","author":"Lim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. Coll. Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nijs, A., Roerdink, M., and Beek, P.J. (2020). Cadence Modulation in Walking and Running: Pacing Steps or Strides?. Brain Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10050273"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2007.07.007","article-title":"Walking on music","volume":"26","author":"Styns","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Buhmann, J., Moens, B., Lorenzoni, V., and Leman, M. (August, January 31). Shifting the Musical Beat to Influence Running Cadence. Proceedings of the 25th Anniversary Conference of the European Society for the Cognitive Sciences of Music (ESCOM 2017), Ghent, Belgium."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Hockman, J., Wanderley, M.M., and Fujinaga, I. (2009, January 3\u20136). Real-Time Phase Vocoder Manipulation by Runner\u2019s Pace. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression (NIME 2009), Pittsburgh, PA, USA."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14528","article-title":"Instructed versus spontaneous entrainment of running cadence to music tempo","volume":"1489","author":"Buhmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fortmann, J., Pielot, M., Mittelsdorf, M., B\u00fcscher, M., Trienen, S., and Boll, S. (2012, January 21\u201324). PaceGuard: Improving running cadence by real-time auditory feedback. Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services Companion, San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2371664.2371668"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliver, N., and Flores-Mangas, F. (2006, January 12\u201315). MPTrain: A mobile, music and physiology-based personal trainer. Proceedings of the 8th Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services, Helsinki, Finland.","DOI":"10.1145\/1152215.1152221"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-9457(94)90027-2","article-title":"Expressions of asymmetries and anchoring in bimanual coordination","volume":"13","author":"Byblow","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210000439","article-title":"Local and global stabilization of coordination by sensory information","volume":"134","author":"Fink","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1986.61.3.1185","article-title":"Effects of perceived musical rhythm on respiratory pattern","volume":"61","author":"Haas","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patibanda, R., Mueller, F., Leskovsek, M., and Duckworth, J. (2017, January 15\u201318). Life Tree. Proceedings of the Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1145\/3116595.3116621"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shamekhi, A., and Bickmore, T. (2018, January 21\u201324). Breathe Deep: A Breath-Sensitive Interactive Meditation Coach. Proceedings of the 12th EAI International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare, New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3240925.3240940"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghandeharioun, A., and Picard, R. (2017, January 6\u20131). BrightBeat: Effortlessly Influencing Breathing for Cultivating Calmness and Focus. Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Denver, CO, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3027063.3053164"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morimoto, Y., and van Geer, B. (2019, January 23\u201327). Breathing space: Biofeedback sonification for meditation in autonomous vehicles. Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Auditory Display (ICAD 2019), Newcastle, UK.","DOI":"10.21785\/icad2019.031"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2018.2816945","article-title":"Gaming Away Stress: Using Biofeedback Games to Learn Paced Breathing","volume":"11","author":"Zafar","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Harris, J., Vance, S., Fernandes, O., Parnandi, A., and Gutierrez-Osuna, R. (May, January 26). Sonic respiration: Controlling respiration rate through auditory biofeedback. Proceedings of the CHI\u201914 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Toronton, ON, Canada."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2010.02.013","article-title":"Device-guided breathing in the home setting: Technology, performance and clinical outcomes","volume":"84","author":"Gavish","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1097\/CRD.0b013e3181fc1ae6","article-title":"RESPeRATE: Nonpharmacological treatment of hypertension","volume":"19","author":"Sharma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jash.2014.10.002","article-title":"RESPeRATE: The role of paced breathing in hypertension treatment","volume":"9","author":"Cernes","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoffmann, C., Villard, S., and Bardy, B. (2011, January 15\u201316). Stabilizing the locomotor-respiratory coupling using a metronome to save energy. Proceedings of the International Conference SKILLS 2011, Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1051\/bioconf\/20110100036"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12650","article-title":"Sound-induced stabilization of breathing and moving","volume":"1337","author":"Bardy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. New York Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoffmann, C.P., Torregrosa, G., and Bardy, B.G. (2012). Sound stabilizes locomotor-respiratory coupling and reduces energy cost. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045206"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Rheden, V., Harbour, E., Finkenzeller, T., and Meschtscherjakov, A. (2023, January 23\u201328). Breath Tools: Exploring the Effects on Adherence and User Experience of 4 Sounds Assisting Runners with Coupling Breath to Steps. Proceedings of the CHI\u201923: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Hamburg, Germany.","DOI":"10.1145\/3544549.3585736"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salazar-Mart\u00ednez, E., de Matos, T.R., Arrans, P., Santalla, A., and Orellana, J.N. (2018). Ventilatory efficiency response is unaffected by fitness level, ergometer type, age or body mass index in male athletes. Biol. Sport, 35.","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2018.78060"},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Borg, G. (1998). Borg\u2019s Perceived Exertion and Pain Scales, Human Kinetics."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000811","article-title":"Evidence that the talk test can be used to regulate exercise intensity","volume":"29","author":"Woltmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Minge, M., and Riedel, L. (2013). Mensch & Computer 2013: Interaktive Vielfalt, Oldenbourg."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harbour, E., Lasshofer, M., Genitrini, M., and Schwameder, H. (2021). Enhanced breathing pattern detection during running using wearable sensors. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21165606"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1177\/1029864914541851","article-title":"Der Gold-MSI: Replikation und validierung eines fragebogeninstrumentes zur messung musikalischer erfahrenheit anhand einer deutschen stichprobe","volume":"18","author":"Schaal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Music. Sci."}],"container-title":["Multimodal Technologies and Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-4088\/8\/4\/25\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:17:56Z","timestamp":1760105876000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-4088\/8\/4\/25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["mti8040025"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mti8040025","relation":{},"ISSN":["2414-4088"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2414-4088","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]]}}}