{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T13:55:32Z","timestamp":1762869332954,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]],"date-time":"2024-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002241","name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) for the Core Research for the Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) research project on Social Signaling","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMJCR19A2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJCR19A2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002241","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Student Research Fellowship of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT) of Japan","award":["JPMJCR19A2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJCR19A2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MTI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A growing number of higher-education institutions are implementing synchronous hybrid delivery, which provides both online and on-campus learners with simultaneous instruction, especially for facilitating discussions in Active Learning (AL) contexts. However, learners face difficulties in picking up social cues and gaining free access to speaking rights due to the geometrical misalignment of individuals mediated through screens. We assume that the cultivation of discussions is allowed by ensuring the spatial localization of learners similar to that in a physical space. This study aims to design a synchronous hybrid learning environment, called Mirror Campus (MC), suitable for the AL scenario that connects physical and cyberspaces by providing spatial localization of learners. We hypothesize that the MC promotes discussion-oriented behaviors, and eventually enhances applied skills for group tasks, related to discussion, creativity, decision-making, and interdependence. We conducted an experiment with five different groups, where four participants in each group were asked to discuss a given topic for fifteen minutes, and clarified that the occurrences of facing behaviors, intervening, and simultaneous utterances in the MC were significantly increased compared to a conventional video conferencing. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the significance of the spatial localization of learners to facilitate discussion-oriented behaviors such as facing and speech.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mti8040031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]],"date-time":"2024-04-11T07:09:28Z","timestamp":1712819368000},"page":"31","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["MirrorCampus: A Synchronous Hybrid Learning Environment That Supports Spatial Localization of Learners for Facilitating Discussion-Oriented Behaviors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2813-4795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shota","family":"Sawada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Empowerment Informatics Program, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 3058573, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1868-3797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"SunKyoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Library, Information and Media Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 3058550, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6129-3674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masakazu","family":"Hirokawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data Science Laboratories, NEC Corporation, Kawasaki 2118666, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1736-5404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenji","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 3058573, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/s11528-013-0663-z","article-title":"Blending synchronous face-to-face and computer-supported cooperative learning in a hybrid doctoral seminar","volume":"57","author":"Roseth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Techtrends Tech. 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