{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:41:24Z","timestamp":1760060484945,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MTI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a new approach for providing contextual information in real-world environments. Our approach is consciously designed to be low-threshold; by using mirrors as augmented reality surfaces, no devices such as AR glasses or smartphones have to be worn or held by the user. It enables technical and non-technical objects in the environment to be visually highlighted and thus subtly draw the attention of people passing by. The presented technology enables the provision of information that can be viewed in more detail by the user if required by slowing down their movement. Users can decide whether this is relevant to them or not. A prototype system was implemented and evaluated through a user study. The results show a high level of acceptance and intuitive usability of the system, with participants being able to reliably perceive and process the information displayed. The technology thus offers promising potential for the unobtrusive and context-sensitive provision of information in various application areas. The paper discusses limitations of the system and outlines future research directions to further optimize the technology and extend its applicability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mti9090093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T10:55:37Z","timestamp":1756983337000},"page":"93","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Augminded: Ambient Mirror Display Notifications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6472-0926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timo","family":"G\u00f6tzelmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Nuremberg Institute of Technology, TH N\u00fcrnberg, 90489 Nuremberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0923-3084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pascal","family":"Karg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Nuremberg Institute of Technology, TH N\u00fcrnberg, 90489 Nuremberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8758-4931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mareike","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Nuremberg Institute of Technology, TH N\u00fcrnberg, 90489 Nuremberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bimber, O., and Raskar, R. (2005). Spatial Augmented Reality: Merging Real and Virtual Worlds, A K Peters.","DOI":"10.1201\/b10624"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biocca, F., Tang, A., Owen, C., and Xiao, F. (2006, January 22\u201327). Attention funnel: Omnidirectional 3D cursor for mobile augmented reality platforms. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2006.476"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2013.2294253","article-title":"Two-Phase Calibration for a Mirror Metaphor Augmented Reality System","volume":"102","author":"Jang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s005300050046","article-title":"The ALIVE system: Wireless, full-body interaction with autonomous agents","volume":"5","author":"Maes","year":"1997","journal-title":"Multimed. Syst."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Pardhy, S., Shankwitz, C., and Donath, M. (2000, January 5). A virtual mirror for assisting drivers. Proceedings of the IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium 2000 (Cat. No.00TH8511), Dearborn, MI, USA."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin-Gomez, A., Winkler, A., Yu, K., Roth, D., Eck, U., and Navab, N. (2020, January 9\u201313). Augmented Mirrors. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR), Virtual Conference.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR50242.2020.00045"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shumaker, R. (2009). MR-Mirror: A Complex of Real and Virtual Mirrors. Proceedings of the Virtual and Mixed Reality, Springer. Lecture Notes in Computer Science.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-02771-0"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mercier-Ganady, J., Lotte, F., Loup-Escande, E., Marchal, M., and L\u00e9cuyer, A. (April, January 29). The Mind-Mirror: See your brain in action in your head using EEG and augmented reality. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Virtual Reality (VR), Minneapolis, MN, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2014.6802047"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Q., Irlitti, A., Yu, D., Goncalves, J., and Velloso, E. (2022, January 13\u201317). Movement Guidance using a Mixed Reality Mirror. Proceedings of the Designing Interactive Systems Conference, Virtual Event.","DOI":"10.1145\/3532106.3533466"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campos, P., Graham, N., Jorge, J., Nunes, N., Palanque, P., and Winckler, M. (2011, January 5\u20139). Augmented Mirror: Interactive Augmented Reality System Based on Kinect. Proceedings of the Human-Computer Interaction\u2014INTERACT 2011, Lisbon, Portugal. Lecture Notes in Computer Science.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-23768-3"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2022.103795","article-title":"In-situ or side-by-side? A user study on augmented reality maintenance instructions in blind areas","volume":"144","author":"Laviola","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Ind."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gold, D., Sollinger, D. (2016, January 13\u201315). SmartReflect: A modular smart mirror application platform. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 7th Annual Information Technology, Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference (IEMCON), Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMCON.2016.7746277"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Athira, S., Francis, F., Raphel, R., Sachin, N.S., Porinchu, S., and Francis, S. (2016, January 18\u201319). Smart mirror: A novel framework for interactive display. Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Circuit, Power and Computing Technologies (ICCPCT), Nagercoil, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCPCT.2016.7530197"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.22214\/ijraset.2021.33094","article-title":"Smart Reflect: An Application Nonspecific Passive Information Display Device for Public and Private Spaces","volume":"9","author":"Bhalla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"151","article-title":"Smart Mirror Based on Raspberry Pi","volume":"6","author":"Tondewad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Anal. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"4","article-title":"Smart Human-Machine Interaction in Mirror Interface","volume":"2","author":"Masud","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Commun. Netw. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuruppu, G., Wijesinghe, N., and Kumarawadu, P. (2021, January 18\u201319). Smart Mirror for Personalized Content Delivery Through Facial Emotion Recognition. Proceedings of the 2021 3rd International Conference on Sustainable Technologies for Industry 4.0 (STI), Permanent Campus, Purbachal American City, Bangladesh.","DOI":"10.1109\/STI53101.2021.9732555"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"984","article-title":"Reflecto\u2014A Smart Mirror Structure With A Contextual Association of Internet of Things","volume":"9","author":"Shahbuddin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inf. Technol. Ind."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hossain, M.A., Atrey, P., and Saddik, A.E. (2007, January 24\u201325). Smart mirror for ambient home environment. Proceedings of the 3rd IET International Conference on Intelligent Environments (IE 07), University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.","DOI":"10.1049\/cp:20070431"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Hosoya, E., Kitabata, M., Sato, H., Harada, I., Nojima, H., Morisawa, F., Mutoh, S., and Onozawa, A. (2003, January 7\u201310). A mirror metaphor interaction system: Touching remote real objects in an augmented reality environment. Proceedings of the The Second IEEE and ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR 2003), Tokyo, Japan."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fiala, M. (2007, January 10\u201314). Magic Mirror System with Hand-held and Wearable Augmentations. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Virtual Reality Conference (VR 2007), Charlotte, NC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2007.352493"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eisert, P., Rurainsky, J., and Fechteler, P. (2007, January 16\u201319). Virtual Mirror: Real-Time Tracking of Shoes in Augmented Reality Environments. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP 2007), San Antonio, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2007.4379216"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2009.2018622","article-title":"The Virtual Mirror: A New Interaction Paradigm for Augmented Reality Environments","volume":"28","author":"Bichlmeier","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sekine, M., Sugita, K., Perbet, F., Stenger, B., and Nishiyama, M. (2014, January 21\u201322). Virtual Fitting by Single-Shot Body Shape Estimation. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on 3D Body Scanning Technologies, Lugano, Switzerland.","DOI":"10.15221\/14.406"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.14257\/ijsh.2015.9.2.16","article-title":"Augmented Reality Fashion Apparel Simulation using a Magic Mirror","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Smart Home"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"495","article-title":"Smart Makeup Mirror: Computer-Augmented Mirror to Aid Makeup Application","volume":"Volume 5613","author":"Jacko","year":"2009","journal-title":"Human-Computer Interaction. Interacting in Various Application Domains"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Javornik, A., Rogers, Y., Moutinho, A.M., and Freeman, R. (2016, January 4\u20138). Revealing the Shopper Experience of Using a \u201cMagic Mirror\u201d Augmented Reality Make-Up Application. Proceedings of the 2016 ACM Conference on Designing Interactive Systems, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.","DOI":"10.1145\/2901790.2901881"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fujinami, K., Kawsar, F., and Nakajima, T. (2005, January 8\u201313). AwareMirror: A Personalized Display Using a Mirror. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Pervasive Computing, Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1007\/11428572_19"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zimmer, C., Bertram, M., B\u00fcntig, F., Drochtert, D., and Geiger, C. (2017, January 27\u201330). Mobile augmented reality illustrations that entertain and inform: Design and implementation issues with the hololens. Proceedings of the SIGGRAPH Asia 2017 Mobile Graphics & Interactive Applications on\u2014SA\u201917, Bangkok, Thailand.","DOI":"10.1145\/3132787.3132804"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krekhov, A., Preu\u00df, D., Cmentowski, S., and Kr\u00fcger, J. (2020, January 2\u20134). Silhouette Games: An Interactive One-Way Mirror Approach to Watching Players in VR. Proceedings of the Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play, Virtual Event.","DOI":"10.1145\/3410404.3414247"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blum, T., Kleeberger, V., Bichlmeier, C., and Navab, N. (2012, January 4\u20138). mirracle: An augmented reality magic mirror system for anatomy education. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Virtual Reality Workshops (VRW), Costa Mesa, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2012.6180909"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1864","article-title":"The Benefits of an Augmented Reality Magic Mirror System for Integrated Radiology Teaching in Gross Anatomy","volume":"12","author":"Bork","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anat. Sci. Educ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, G.A., Park, H.S., and Billinghurst, M. (2019, January 12\u201315). Optical-Reflection Type 3D Augmented Reality Mirrors. Proceedings of the 25th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology, Parramatta, NSW, Australia.","DOI":"10.1145\/3359996.3364782"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Latoschik, M.E., Lugrin, J.L., and Roth, D. (2016, January 2\u20134). FakeMi: A fake mirror system for avatar embodiment studies. Proceedings of the 22nd ACM Conference on Virtual Reality Software and Technology. Association for Computing Machinery, VRST, Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1145\/2993369.2993399"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolf, E., Fiedler, M.L., Dollinger, N., Wienrich, C., and Latoschik, M.E. (2022, January 12\u201316). Exploring Presence, Avatar Embodiment, and Body Perception with a Holographic Augmented Reality Mirror. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR), Virtual Event.","DOI":"10.1109\/VR51125.2022.00054"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karg, P., St\u00f6hr, R., Jonas, L., Kreimeier, J., and G\u00f6tzelmann, T. (2023, January 5\u20137). Reflect-AR: Insights into Mirror-Based Augmented Reality Instructions to Support Manual Assembly Tasks. Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on PErvasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments, Corfu, Greece.","DOI":"10.1145\/3594806.3594866"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8149","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-021-08546-6","article-title":"Seeing is believing: AR-assisted blind area assembly to support hand\u2013eye coordination","volume":"119","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajan, V., Sobhana, N., and Jayakrishnan, R. (2018, January 14\u201315). Machine Fault Diagnostics and Condition Monitoring Using Augmented Reality and IoT. Proceedings of the 2018 Second International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (ICICCS), Madurai, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCONS.2018.8663135"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-01516-8_1","article-title":"Display Blindness: The Effect of Expectations on Attention towards Digital Signage","volume":"Volume 5538","author":"Tokuda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pervasive Computing"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f6sch, E., Alt, F., and Koch, M. (2017, January 17\u201320). Mirror, Mirror on the Wall: Attracting Passers-by to Public Touch Displays with User Representations. Proceedings of the 2017 ACM International Conference on Interactive Surfaces and Spaces, Brighton, UK.","DOI":"10.1145\/3132272.3134129"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"151","article-title":"Embodiment of cognition and emotion","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Winkielman","year":"2015","journal-title":"APA Handbook of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Prante, T., R\u00f6cker, C., Streitz, N., Stenzel, R., Magerkurth, C., and van Alphen, D. (2003, January 12\u201315). Hello.Wall\u2014Beyond Ambient Displays. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing (UBICOMP\u201903), Seattle, WA, USA."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vogel, D., and Balakrishnan, R. (2004, January 24\u201327). Interactive public ambient displays: Transitioning from implicit to explicit, public to personal, interaction with multiple users. Proceedings of the 17th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, Santa Fe, NM, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1029632.1029656"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, J., Guo, J., Zhou, Y., Yu, J., Kotsia, I., and Zafeiriou, S. (2019). RetinaFace: Single-stage Dense Face Localisation in the Wild. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00525"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f6tzelmann, T., Karg, P., and M\u00fcller, M. (2025, January 25\u201327). A Novel Concept using Mirror Displays for Ambient User Notifications. Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on PErvasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments, Corfu, Greece.","DOI":"10.1145\/3733155.3733206"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2020.1801173","article-title":"Multi-Language Toolkit for the System Usability Scale","volume":"36","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.\u2013Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"58","article-title":"Hitting the roof: Understanding ceiling effects","volume":"2","author":"Darr","year":"2009","journal-title":"Set Res. Inf. Teach."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Renner, P., and Pfeiffer, T. (2018, January 18\u201322). Attention Guiding Using Augmented Reality in Complex Environments. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR), Reutlingen, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2018.8446396"}],"container-title":["Multimodal Technologies and Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-4088\/9\/9\/93\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:39:25Z","timestamp":1760035165000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-4088\/9\/9\/93"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["mti9090093"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mti9090093","relation":{},"ISSN":["2414-4088"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2414-4088"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]}}}