{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T15:50:13Z","timestamp":1778514613957,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]],"date-time":"2021-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Network"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, the number of objects connected to the internet have significantly increased. Increasing the number of connected devices to the internet is transforming today\u2019s Internet of Things (IoT) into massive IoT of the future. It is predicted that, in a few years, a high communication and computation capacity will be required to meet the demands of massive IoT devices and applications requiring data sharing and processing. 5G and beyond mobile networks are expected to fulfill a part of these requirements by providing a data rate of up to terabits per second. It will be a key enabler to support massive IoT and emerging mission critical applications with strict delay constraints. On the other hand, the next generation of software-defined networking (SDN) with emerging cloudrelated technologies (e.g., fog and edge computing) can play an important role in supporting and implementing the above-mentioned applications. This paper sets out the potential opportunities and important challenges that must be addressed in considering options for using SDN in hybrid cloud-fog systems to support 5G and beyond-enabled applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/network1010004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]],"date-time":"2021-06-23T21:14:51Z","timestamp":1624482891000},"page":"28-49","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Next Generation of SDN in Cloud-Fog for 5G and Beyond-Enabled Applications: Opportunities and Challenges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Ehsan","family":"Ahvar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Learning, Data and Robotics Laboratory, ESIEA Graduate Engineering School, 75005 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9615-0510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shohreh","family":"Ahvar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEP-Institut Sup\u00e9rieur d\u2019\u00c9lectronique de Paris, 75006 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Syed Mohsan","family":"Raza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing, Abasyn University, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5233-6214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose","family":"Manuel Sanchez Vilchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orange Labs, 92320 Chatillon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2155-5553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gyu Myoung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021, May 30). Statista: Number of Internet of Things (IoT) Connected Devices Worldwide from 2019 to 2030. Available online: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/1183457\/iot-connected-devices-worldwide\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malik, U.M., Javed, M.A., Zeadally, S., and Islam, S.U. (2021). Energy efficient Fog computing for 6G enabled massive IoT: Recent trends and future opportunities. IEEE Internet Things J.","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3068056"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101213","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2927538","article-title":"Edge Computing and Networking: A Survey on Infrastructures and Applications","volume":"7","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonomi, F., Milito, R., Zhu, J., and Addepalli, S. (2012, January 13\u201317). Fog computing and its role in the internet of things. Proceedings of the First Edition of the MCC Workshop on Mobile Cloud Computing, Helsinki, Finland.","DOI":"10.1145\/2342509.2342513"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Das, H., Pattnaik, P., Rautaray, S., and Li, K.C. (2020). Energy-Efficient Resource Scheduling in Fog Computing Using SDN Framework. Progress in Computing, Analytics and Networking. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 1119, Springer."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1002\/spe.2509","article-title":"iFogSim: A toolkit for modeling and simulation of resource management techniques in the Internet of Things, Edge and FC environments","volume":"47","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Softw. Pract. Exp."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3322","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2584178","article-title":"Enabling Massive IoT in 5G and Beyond Systems: PHY Radio Frame Design Considerations","volume":"4","author":"Ijaz","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"P\u00e4rssinen, A., Alouini, M., Berg, M., Kuerner, T., Ky\u00f6sti, P., Leinonen, M.E., Matinmikko-Blue, M., McCune, E., Pfeiffer, U., and Wambacq, P. (2021, May 30). White Paper on RF Enabling 6G\u2014Opportunities and Challenges from Technology to Spectrum. (6G Research Visions, No. 13). Available online: http:\/\/urn.fi\/urn:isbn:9789526228419."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3190617","article-title":"A Taxonomy of Software-Defined Networking (SDN)-Enabled Cloud Computing","volume":"51","author":"Son","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahmud, R., Kotagiri, R., and Buyya, R. (2018). Fog computing: A taxonomy, survey and future directions. Internet of Everything, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-5861-5_5"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Ansi, A., Al-Ansi, A.M., Muthanna, A., Elgendy, I.A., and Koucheryavy, A. (2021). Survey on Intelligence Edge Computing in 6G: Characteristics, Challenges, Potential Use Cases, and Market Drivers. Future Internet, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/fi13050118"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Ahvar, E., Orgerie, A.C., and Lebre, A. (2019). Estimating Energy Consumption of Cloud, Fog and Edge Computing Infrastructures. IEEE Trans. Sustain. Comput."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1007\/s12243-019-00719-5","article-title":"Automotive virtual edge communicator (AVEC) with vehicular inter-agent service orchestration and resourcing (ViSOR)","volume":"74","author":"Copeland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Telecommun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52238","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3069744","article-title":"RT-TelSurg: Real Time Telesurgery using SDN, Fog, and Cloud as infrastructures","volume":"9","author":"Sedaghat","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2717482","article-title":"How Can Edge Computing Benefit From Software-Defined Networking: A Survey, Use Cases, and Future Directions","volume":"19","author":"Baktir","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2019.2906790","article-title":"Application component placement in NFV-based hybrid cloud\/fog systems with mobile fog nodes","volume":"37","author":"Mouradian","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2019.09.039","article-title":"Scheduling Internet of Things requests to minimize latency in hybrid Fog\u2013Cloud computing","volume":"111","author":"Aburukba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2019.02.009","article-title":"All one needs to know about Fog computing and related edge computing paradigms: A complete survey","volume":"98","author":"Yousefpour","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Syst. Archit."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2788802","article-title":"On reducing iot service delayvia Fog offloading","volume":"5","author":"Yousefpour","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1109\/TCC.2015.2485206","article-title":"Assessment of thesuitability of Fog computing in the context of internet of things","volume":"6","author":"Sarkar","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cloud Comput."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"OpenFogConsortium (2021, May 30). OpenFog Reference Architecture for Fog Computing. Available online: https:\/\/www.openFogconsortium.org\/ra\/."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2021, May 30). IEEE P1931.1-Roof Computing, Framework and Use Case Scenarios. Available online: https:\/\/standards.ieee.org\/develop\/project\/1931.1.html."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOMSTD.2018.1800019","article-title":"Exploiting the IoT Potential of Blockchain in the IEEE P1931.1 ROOF Standard","volume":"2","author":"Meloni","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Stand. Mag."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-021-00521-y","article-title":"Software-Defined Dew, Roof, Fog and Cloud (SD-DRFC) Framework for IoT Ecosystem: The Journey, Novel Framework Architecture, Simulation, and Use Cases","volume":"2","author":"Ahammad","year":"2021","journal-title":"SN Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"NGMN Alliance (2021, May 30). 5G White Paper. Next Generation Mobile Networks. Available online: https:\/\/www.ngmn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/NGMN_5G_White_Paper_V1_0.pdf."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67512","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3031234","article-title":"A Survey on Beyond 5G Network With the Advent of 6G: Architecture and Emerging Technologies","volume":"9","author":"Dogra","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piran, M.J., and Suh, D.Y. (2019, January 22\u201323). Learning-Driven Wireless Communications, towards 6G. Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Computing, Electronics and Communications Engineering (iCCECE), London, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/iCCECE46942.2019.8941882"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2020.3010270","article-title":"6G Wireless Communication Systems: Applications, Requirements, Technologies, Challenges, and Research Directions","volume":"1","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.001.1900333","article-title":"Vision, Requirements, and Technology Trend of 6G: How to Tackle the Challenges of System Coverage, Capacity, User Data-Rate and Movement Speed","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"GSMA (2021, May 30). Introduction to Network Slicing. Available online: https:\/\/www.gsma.com\/futurenetworks\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/GSMA-An-Introduction-to-Network-Slicing.pdf."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1600951","article-title":"Network Slicing in 5G: Survey and Challenges","volume":"55","author":"Foukas","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2021, May 30). Network Functions Virtualisation (NFV); Architectural Framework. Available online: https:\/\/www.etsi.org\/deliver\/etsi_gs\/nfv\/001_099\/002\/01.01.01_60\/gs_nfv002v010101p.pdf."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Velasquez, K., Abreu, D.P., Goncalves, D., Bittencourt, L., Curado, M., Monteiro, E., and Madeira, E. (2017, January 21\u201323). Service Orchestration in Fog Environments. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 5th International Conference on Future Internet of Things and Cloud (FiCloud), Prague, Czech Republic.","DOI":"10.1109\/FiCloud.2017.49"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1600935","article-title":"Network Slicing for 5G with SDN\/NFV: Concepts, Architectures, and Challenges","volume":"55","author":"Ameigeiras","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2021, May 30). Software-Defined Networking: The New Norm for Networks. Available online: https:\/\/www.opennetworking.org."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Yuanzhe, L., Jie, H., Qibo, S., Tao, S., and Shangguang, W. (2021). Cognitive Service Architecture for 6G Core Network. IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodoshi, R.T., Kim, T., and Choi, W. (2020). Resource Management in Cloud Radio Access Network: Conventional and New Approaches. Sensors, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20092708"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70371","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2919657","article-title":"A Comprehensive Survey of RAN Architectures Toward 5G Mobile Communication System","volume":"7","author":"Habibi","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bouras, C., Ntarzanos, P., and Papazois, A. (2016, January 18\u201320). Cost modeling for SDN\/NFV based mobile 5G networks. Proceedings of the 2016 8th International Congress on Ultra Modern Telecommunications and Control Systems and Workshops (ICUMT), Lisbon, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUMT.2016.7765232"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2014.2371999","article-title":"Software-Defined Networking: A Comprehensive Survey","volume":"103","author":"Kreutz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2013.6553676","article-title":"Are We Ready for SDN? Implementation Challenges for Software-Defined Networks","volume":"51","author":"Sezer","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamed, M.I., ElHalawany, B.M., Fouda, M.M., and Eldien, A.S.T. (2017, January 27\u201328). A novel approach for resource utilization and management in SDN. Proceedings of the 13th International Computer Engineering Conference (ICENCO), Cairo, Egypt.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICENCO.2017.8289810"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.2997475","article-title":"Complementing IoT Services through Software Defined Networking and Edge Computing: A Comprehensive Survey","volume":"22","author":"Rafique","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vilalta, R., Via, S., Mira, F., Casellas, R., Mu\u00f1oz, R., Alonso-Zarate, J., Kousaridas, A., and Dillinger, M. (2018, January 25\u201329). Control and Management of a Connected Car Using SDN\/NFV, Fog Computing and YANG data models. Proceedings of the 2018 4th IEEE Conference on Network Softwarization and Workshops (NetSoft), Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/NETSOFT.2018.8460131"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Margariti, S.V., Dimakopoulos, V.V., and Tsoumanis, G. (2020). Modeling and Simulation Tools for Fog Computing\u2014A Comprehensive Survey from a Cost Perspective. Future Internet, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/fi12050089"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3531","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2019.2920277","article-title":"Energy efficient and trustworthy data collection protocol based on mobile fog computing in internet of things","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valiveti, H.B., and Duggineni, C. (2021, January 20\u201322). Software Defined Device to Device Communication Handover- Latest Advancements. Proceedings of the 2021 6th International Conference on Inventive Computation Technologies (ICICT), Coimbatore, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICT50816.2021.9358562"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2020.12.021","article-title":"Dynamic Fog-to-Fog offloading in SDN-based Fog computing systems","volume":"117","author":"Phan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7097","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2982292","article-title":"Reliable Computation Offloading for Edge-Computing-Enabled Software-Defined IoV","volume":"7","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lian, T., Zhou, Y., Wang, X., Cheng, N., and Lu, N. (2019, January 23\u201325). Predictive Task Migration Modeling in Software Defined Vehicular Networks. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 4th International Conference on Computer and Communication Systems (ICCCS), Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCOMS.2019.8821707"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3832","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2020.3048844","article-title":"Resource Allocation in 5G IoV Architecture Based on SDN and Fog-Cloud Computing","volume":"22","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Storck, C.R., and Duarte-Figueiredo, F. (2019). A 5G V2X Ecosystem Providing Internet of Vehicles. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19030550"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JCN.2019.000046","article-title":"Joint resource allocation and computation offloading in mobile edge computing for SDN based wireless networks","volume":"22","author":"Kiran","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2021.102292","article-title":"QoS Performance Enhancement Policy through Combining Fog and SDN","volume":"109","author":"Ahammad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Simul. Model. Pract. Theory"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ateya, A.A., Algarni, A.D., Hamdi, M., Koucheryavy, A., and Soliman, N.F. (2021). Enabling Heterogeneous IoT Networks over 5G Networks with Ultra-Dense Deployment\u2014Using MEC\/SDN. Electronics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10080910"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Son, J., Dastjerdi, A.V., Calheiros, R.N., Ji, X., Yoon, Y., and Buyya, R. (2015, January 4\u20137). CloudSimSDN: Modeling and Simulation of Software-Defined Cloud Data Centers. Proceedings of the 2015 15th IEEE\/ACM International Symposium on Cluster, Cloud and Grid Computing, Shenzhen, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCGrid.2015.87"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"102853","article-title":"FUPE: A Security Driven Task Scheduling Approach for SDN-based IoT-Fog Networks","volume":"60","author":"Javanmardi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Inf. Secur. Appl."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2018.2866917","article-title":"SAFE: SDN-assisted framework for edge\u2013Cloud interplay in secure healthcare ecosystem","volume":"15","author":"Aujla","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2019.1800234","article-title":"Fog-enabled smart health: Toward cooperative and secure healthcare service provision","volume":"57","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135479","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3011503","article-title":"A Secured Framework for SDN-Based Edge Computing in IoT-Enabled Healthcare System","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34038","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2974504","article-title":"NFV and SDN-Based Differentiated Traffic Treatment for Residential Networks","volume":"8","author":"Moyano","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Chekired, D.A., Togou, M.A., and Khoukhi, L. (2018, January 9\u201313). A Hybrid SDN Path Computation for Scaling Data Centers Networks. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibrar, M., Wang, L., Muntean, G.M., Chen, J., Shah, N., and Akbar, A. (2020). IHSF: An intelligent solution for improved performance of reliable and time-sensitive flows in hybrid SDN-based FC IoT systems. IEEE Internet Things J.","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3024560"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akbar, A., Ibrar, M., Jan, M.A., Bashir, A.K., and Wang, L. (2020). SDN-enabled Adaptive and Reliable Communication in IoT-Fog Environment Using Machine Learning and Multi-Objective Optimization. IEEE Internet Things J.","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3038768"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Selvi, K.T., and Thamilselvan, R. (2021, January 4\u20136). Dynamic Resource Allocation for SDN and Edge Computing based 5G Network. Proceedings of the 2021 Third International Conference on Intelligent Communication Technologies and Virtual Mobile Networks (ICICV), Tirunelveli, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICV50876.2021.9388468"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, L., da Fonseca, N.L.S., and Zhu, Z. (2020). Application-driven Provisioning of Service Function Chains over Heterogeneous NFV Platforms. IEEE Trans. Netw. Serv. Manag.","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2020.3035254"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2021.108049","article-title":"Mobile-edge computing-based delay minimization controller placement in SDN-IoV","volume":"193","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Altekar, G., and Stoica, I. (2010). Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26735","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3057690","article-title":"DSF: A Distributed SDN Control Plane Framework for the East\/West Interface","volume":"9","author":"Almadani","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"ETSI NFV Group Specification Draft (2021, May 30). Network Functions Virtualisation (NFV). Ecosystem. Report on SDN Usage in NFV Architectural Framework. Available online: http:\/\/www.etsi.org\/deliver\/etsigs\/NFV-EVE\/001099\/005\/01.01.0160\/gsNFV-EVE005v010101p.pdf."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2021.107981","article-title":"Hybrid SDN evolution: A comprehensive survey of the state-of-the-art","volume":"192","author":"Khorsandroo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palattella, M.R., Soua, R., Khelil, A., and Engel, T. (2019, January 8\u201312). Fog computing as the key for seamless connectivity handover in future vehicular networks. Proceedings of the 34th ACM\/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied Computing (SAC \u201919), Limassol, Cyprus.","DOI":"10.1145\/3297280.3297475"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2015.09.012","article-title":"Resilience support in software-defined networking: A survey","volume":"92","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fonseca, P., Bennesby, R., Mota, E., and Passito, A. (2013, January 9\u201313). Resilience of SDNs based On active and passive replication mechanisms. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), Atlanta, GA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2013.6831399"},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Sharma, S., Staessens, D., Colle, D., Pickavet, M., and Demeester, P. (2013, January 4\u20137). Fast failure recovery for in-band OpenFlow networks. Proceedings of the 2013 9th International Conference on the Design of Reliable Communication Networks (DRCN), Budapest, Hungary."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heller, B., Sherwood, R., and McKeown, N. (2012, January 13). The controller placement problem. Proceedings of the First Workshop on Hot Topics in Software Defined Networks, Helsinki, Finland.","DOI":"10.1145\/2342441.2342444"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, L.F., Oliveira, R.R., Luizelli, M.C., Gaspary, L.P., and Barcellos, M.P. (2014, January 8\u201312). Survivor: An enhanced controller placement strategy for improving SDN survivability. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Global Communications Conference, Austin, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2014.7037087"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ros, F.J., and Ruiz, P.M. (2014, January 22). Five nines of southbound reliability in software-defined networks. Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Hot Topics in Software Defined Networking, Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2620728.2620752"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shirmarz, A., and Ghaffari, A. (2021). Taxonomy of controller placement problem (C) optimization in Software Defined Network (SDN): A survey. J. Ambient. Intell. Humaniz. Comput., 1\u201326.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-020-02754-w"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gheorghe, G., Avanesov, T., Palattella, M., Engel, T., and Popoviciu, C. (2015, January 13\u201317). SDN-RADAR: Network troubleshooting combining user experience and SDN capabilities. Proceedings of the 2015 1st IEEE Conference on Network Softwarization (NetSoft), London, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/NETSOFT.2015.7116139"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez, J.M., Yahia, I.G.B., and Crespi, N. (2016, January 6\u201310). Self-modeling based diagnosis of services over programmable networks. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE NetSoft Conference and Workshops (NetSoft), Seoul, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/NETSOFT.2016.7502423"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1007\/s10922-014-9325-5","article-title":"FlowBroker: A Software-Defined Network Controller Architecture for Multi-Domain Brokering and Reputation","volume":"23","author":"Marconett","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Netw. Syst. Manag."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Betg\u00e9-Brezetz, S., Kamga, G., and Tazi, M. (2015, January 13\u201317). Trust support for SDN controllers and virtualized network applications. Proceedings of the 2015 1st IEEE Conference on Network Softwarization (NetSoft), London, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/NETSOFT.2015.7116153"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isong, B., Kgogo, T., Lugayizi, F., and Kankuzi, B. (2017, January 26\u201328). Trust establishment framework between SDN controller and applications. Proceedings of the 2017 18th IEEE\/ACIS International Conference on Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking and Parallel\/Distributed Computing (SNPD), Kanazawa, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/SNPD.2017.8022707"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Zhao, Y., Li, Y., Rahman, S., Wang, F., Xin, X., and Zhang, J. (2021). Fault Localization based on Knowledge Graph in Software-Defined Optical Networks. J. Light. Technol.","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2021.3071868"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1145\/3138808.3138810","article-title":"Knowledge-Defined Networking","volume":"47","author":"Mestres","year":"2017","journal-title":"SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2757955","article-title":"A Software Defined Fog Node Based Distributed Blockchain Cloud Architecture for IoT","volume":"6","author":"Sharma","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gharbi, C., Hsairi, L., and Zagrouba, E. (2021, January 4\u20136). A Secure Integrated Fog Cloud-IoT Architecture Based on Multi-Agents System and Blockchain. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence, Vienna, Austria.","DOI":"10.5220\/0010345111841191"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s10922-020-09575-4","article-title":"Scalability, Consistency, Reliability and Security in SDN Controllers: A Survey of Diverse SDN Controllers","volume":"29","author":"Ahmad","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Netw. Syst. Manag."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2019.2894689","article-title":"Hierarchical edge-Cloud SDN controller system with optimal adaptive resource allocation for load-balancing","volume":"14","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussain, M., Shah, N., and Tahir, A. (2019). Graph-based policy change detection and implementation in SDN. Electronics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics8101136"}],"container-title":["Network"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2673-8732\/1\/1\/4\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:22:18Z","timestamp":1760163738000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2673-8732\/1\/1\/4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["network1010004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/network1010004","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-8732"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-8732","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]]}}}