{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T10:32:51Z","timestamp":1776940371254,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009697","name":"Hashemite University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HU-37252"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HU-37252"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009697","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Network"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Connected and Autonomous Vehicles are promising for advancing traffic safety and efficiency. However, the increased connectivity makes these vehicles vulnerable to a broad array of cyber threats. This paper presents a novel hybrid approach for intrusion detection in in-vehicle networks, specifically focusing on the Controller Area Network bus. Ensemble learning techniques are combined with sophisticated optimization techniques and dynamic adaptation mechanisms to develop a robust, accurate, and computationally efficient intrusion detection system. The proposed system is evaluated on real-world automotive network datasets that include various attack types (e.g., Denial of Service, fuzzy, and spoofing attacks). With these results, the proposed hybrid adaptive system achieves an unprecedented accuracy of 99.995% with a 0.00001% false positive rate, which is significantly more accurate than traditional methods. In addition, the system is very robust to novel attack patterns and is tolerant to varying computational constraints and is suitable for deployment on a real-time basis in various automotive platforms. As this research represents a significant advancement in automotive cybersecurity, a scalable and proactive defense mechanism is necessary to safely operate next-generation vehicles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/network5040043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T15:26:54Z","timestamp":1759505214000},"page":"43","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Optimized Hybrid Ensemble Intrusion Detection for VANET-Based Autonomous Vehicle Security"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7942-9018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Aloqaily","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Prince Al-Hussein Bin Abdullah II for Information Technology, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1181-9973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emad E.","family":"Abdallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Prince Al-Hussein Bin Abdullah II for Information Technology, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aladdin","family":"Baarah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Prince Al-Hussein Bin Abdullah II for Information Technology, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Alnabhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cyber Security, King Hussein School of Computing Sciences, Princess Sumaya University for Technology, P.O. Box 1438, Amman 11941, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esra\u2019a","family":"Alshdaifat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Prince Al-Hussein Bin Abdullah II for Information Technology, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4141-263X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hind","family":"Milhem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Prince Al-Hussein Bin Abdullah II for Information Technology, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, H., Srinivasan, R., Sookoor, T., and Jeschke, S. (2017). Smart Cities: Foundations, Principles, and Applications, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119226444"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jabbarpour, M.R., Nabaei, A., and Zarrabi, H. (2016, January 15\u201318). 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