{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T00:08:45Z","timestamp":1783728525939,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Network"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) play a critical role in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), enabling communication between vehicles and roadside infrastructure. This paper proposes an Adaptive Context-Aware VANET Routing (ACAVR) protocol designed to handle the challenges of high mobility, dynamic topology, and variable vehicle density in urban environments. The proposed protocol integrates context-aware routing, dynamic clustering, and geographic forwarding to enhance performance under diverse traffic conditions. Simulation results demonstrate that ACAVR achieves higher throughput, improved packet delivery ratio, lower end-to-end delay, and reduced routing overhead compared to existing routing schemes. The proposed ACAVR outperforms benchmark protocols such as DyTE, RGoV, and CAEL, improving PDR by 12\u201318%, reducing delay by 10\u201315%, and increasing throughput by 15\u201322%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/network5040047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T04:26:29Z","timestamp":1761711989000},"page":"47","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Adaptive Context-Aware VANET Routing Protocol for Intelligent Transportation Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3729-5458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul Karim","family":"Kazi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 75270, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6557-0536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Umer","family":"Farooq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 75270, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5155-8205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raheela","family":"Asif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 75270, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7649-4372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saman","family":"Hina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London SW7 2RH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2008.4539481","article-title":"A tutorial survey on vehicular ad hoc networks","volume":"46","author":"Hartenstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. 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