{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:17:59Z","timestamp":1760145479825,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Publications"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The aim of this study was to examine publication bias associated with a failure to report research results of studies that were initially posted on the ClinicalTrials.gov registry and to examine factors associated with this phenomenon. Methods: A search was conducted in the ClinicalTrials.gov registry using six dental-related topics. Corresponding publications for trials completed between 2016 and 2019 were then searched using PUBMED, EMBASE and Google Scholar. For studies lacking matching publications, we emailed the primary investigator and received some additional data. For included studies, we recorded additional variables: industry funding, site setting (academic, private research facilities or private practice), design (single or multi-center), geographical location and commencement date vis a vis registration and publication dates. Results: A total of 744 entries were found, of which 7 duplicates were removed; an additional 67 entries just recently completed were removed. An additional 7 studies were in different fields and thus removed. Thus, 663 trials were included; of these, only 337 studies (50.8%) were published. The mean registration to publication interval was 29.01 \u00b1 25.7 months, ranging from +142 to \u221234 months (post factum registration). Less than 1\/3 of the studies were posted prior to commencement, of which much smaller proportions were published (37.3%). Studies that were posted after commencement (n = 462) had a much higher publication rate (56.7%), p &lt; 0.001. Multi-center studies and those conducted in commercial facilities had much higher, though non-significant, publication rates (56.5% and 58.3%, respectively). Conclusions: With only half of the studies registered being published, a major source for publication bias is imminent.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/publications12030023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T15:25:23Z","timestamp":1722353123000},"page":"23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical Trials Gone Missing\u2014A Potential Source for Publication Bias in Dentistry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Justin","family":"Tomack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Medicine Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Mascardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Medicine Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3829-1256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chia-Yu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Medicine Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3269-7629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tony","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8151-0106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xihao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"},{"name":"Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4732-4611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David M.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Medicine Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eli E.","family":"Machtei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Medicine Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Technion\u2014Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4809923","article-title":"Publication bias: Raising awareness of a potential problem in dental research","volume":"194","author":"Scholey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.120065","article-title":"Publication bias: What are the challenges and can they be overcome?","volume":"37","author":"Joober","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1111\/biom.12817","article-title":"Quantifying publication bias in meta-analysis","volume":"74","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1D267","article-title":"Industry sponsorship and authorship of clinical trials over 20 years","volume":"38","author":"Buchkowsky","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (2024, July 23). [Homepage on the Internet]. Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals. Available online: http:\/\/www.ICMJE.org."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)33220-9","article-title":"Compliance with legal requirement to report clinical trial results on ClinicalTrials.gov: A cohort study","volume":"395","author":"DeVito","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e019983","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-019983","article-title":"Prospective registration trends, reasons for retrospective registration and mechanisms to increase prospective registration compliance: Descriptive analysis and survey","volume":"8","author":"Hunter","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2019.05.009","article-title":"Prevalence of trial registration varies by study characteristics and risk of bias","volume":"113","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2014.47","article-title":"Reporting of sources of funding in systematic reviews in periodontology and implant dentistry","volume":"216","author":"Faggion","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2019.04.007","article-title":"Risk of bias assessments for selective reporting were inadequate in the majority of Cochrane reviews","volume":"112","author":"Saric","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3233\/JRS-2012-0574","article-title":"Sponsorship bias in clinical research","volume":"24","author":"Lexchin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Risk Saf. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.4103\/jisp.jisp_60_18","article-title":"Do dental research journals publish only positive results? A retrospective assessment of publication bias","volume":"22","author":"Gadde","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Popelut, A., Valet, F., Fromentin, O., Thomas, A., and Bouchard, P. (2010). Relationship between sponsorship and failure rate of dental implants: A systematic approach. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010274"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-169628","article-title":"Factors predicting publication of spinal cord injury trials registered on www.ClinicalTrials.gov","volume":"31","author":"DePasse","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3421","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-020-07786-z","article-title":"Characteristics and publication status of gastrointestinal endoscopy clinical trials registered in ClinicalTrials.gov","volume":"35","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Heteren, J.A.A., van Beurden, I., Peters, J.P.M., Smit, A.L., and Stegeman, I. (2019). Trial registration, publication rate and characteristics in the research field of otology: A cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219458"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2015.09.009","article-title":"Registration practices for observational studies on ClinicalTrials.gov indicated low adherence","volume":"70","author":"Boccia","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8S","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034514552492","article-title":"Clinical trial registration in oral health journals","volume":"94","author":"Durieux","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2022.05.026","article-title":"Industry support for dental implant research: A metatrend study of industry partnership in the development of new technologies","volume":"132","author":"Pereira","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2020.06.028","article-title":"Which Factors Affect the Completion and Publication of Dental Implant Trials?","volume":"78","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000001432","article-title":"Clinical Trial Outcomes in Urology: Assessing Early Discontinuation, Results Reporting and Publication in ClinicalTrials.Gov Registrations 2007\u20132019","volume":"205","author":"Magnani","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Urol."}],"container-title":["Publications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-6775\/12\/3\/23\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:26:25Z","timestamp":1760109985000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-6775\/12\/3\/23"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["publications12030023"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/publications12030023","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-6775"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2304-6775"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]}}}