{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T09:43:06Z","timestamp":1775209386182,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council (CSC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202406360084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202406360084"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council (CSC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-24-RESO-0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-24-RESO-0001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"French National Research Agency (ANR)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202406360084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202406360084"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"French National Research Agency (ANR)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-24-RESO-0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-24-RESO-0001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Publications"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article investigates the architecture and institutional distribution of policy tools supporting open science (OS) in China. Based on a corpus of 199 policy documents comprising 25,885 policy statements, we apply an AI-assisted classification to analyze how the Chinese government mobilizes different types of tools. Using Qwen-plus, a large language model developed by Alibaba Cloud and fine-tuned for OS-related content, each policy statement is categorized into one of fifteen subcategories under three main types: supply-oriented, environment-oriented, and demand-oriented tools. Our findings reveal a strong dominance of supply-oriented tools (63%), especially investments in infrastructure, education, and public services. Demand-oriented tools remain marginal (11%), with little use of economic incentives or regulatory obligations. Environment-oriented tools show more balance but still underrepresent key components like incentive systems and legal mandates for open access. To deepen the analysis, we introduce a normalized indicator of institutional focus, which captures the relative emphasis of each policy type across administrative levels. Results show that supply-oriented tools are concentrated at top-level institutions, reflecting a top-down governance model. Demand tools are localized at lower levels, highlighting limited strategic commitment. Overall, China\u2019s OS policy mix prioritizes infrastructure over incentives, limiting systemic transformation toward a more sustainable open science ecosystem.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/publications13030030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T04:37:21Z","timestamp":1750739841000},"page":"30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["How China Governs Open Science: Policies, Priorities, and Structural Imbalances"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xiaoting","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Resources Management, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China"},{"name":"Groupe d\u2019\u00c9tude des M\u00e9thodes de l\u2019Analyse Sociologique de la Sorbonne, GEMASS, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, CNRS, 75017 Paris, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9268-8022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelghani","family":"Maddi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe d\u2019\u00c9tude des M\u00e9thodes de l\u2019Analyse Sociologique de la Sorbonne, GEMASS, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, CNRS, 75017 Paris, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5287-117X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Resources Management, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2025.105195","article-title":"The governance of open science: A comparative analysis of two open science consortia","volume":"54","author":"Abrams","year":"2025","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Appel, A. 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