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Citation-based indicators (e.g., the h-index, the i10-index, and total citation counts) remain embedded in research evaluation and are sensitive to indexing practices of bibliographic databases, with Google Scholar providing broad coverage combined with comparatively limited curation. In this study, a systematic literature review is conducted to synthesize reported mechanisms of citation-metric manipulation and to examine limitations of citation-metric use, including evidence reported in civil engineering. A Google Scholar proof-of-concept case study examines whether the indexing of LLM-assisted, non-peer-reviewed documents with concentrated references to a target author is associated with changes in author-level citation metrics under platform-specific conditions. After indexing, a stepwise increase in author-level metrics is observed, demonstrating the feasibility of citation-metric manipulation under the platform-specific conditions. Finally, this paper discusses the implications for research integrity and citation manipulation in the era of generative artificial intelligence. It also presents recommendations for researchers, academic institutions and evaluation committees, publishers and editors, bibliographic database providers, and funding institutions and policymakers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/publications14020023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T07:29:29Z","timestamp":1776065369000},"page":"23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["On the Vulnerability of Citation Metrics in the Era of Generative Artificial Intelligence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7228-3503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kay","family":"Smarsly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Digital and Autonomous Construction, Hamburg University of Technology, 21079 Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"United Nations University (UNU) Hub on Engineering to Face Climate Change, United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health (UNU-INWEH), Hamburg University of Technology, 21079 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2012.03.005","article-title":"Revisiting the scaling of citations for research assessment","volume":"6","author":"Abramo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Informetrics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2021.101204","article-title":"The effects of citation-based research evaluation schemes on self-citation behavior","volume":"15","author":"Abramo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Informetrics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244019829575","article-title":"Citations, citation indicators, and research quality: An overview of basic concepts and theories","volume":"9","author":"Aksnes","year":"2019","journal-title":"SAGE Open"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1080\/08989621.2020.1836620","article-title":"A bibliometric analysis of academic misconduct research in higher education: Current status and future research opportunities","volume":"28","author":"Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Accountability in Research"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-022-04627-9","article-title":"An artificial intelligence-based framework for data-driven categorization of computer scientists: A case study of world\u2019s top 10 computing departments","volume":"128","author":"Ali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/13538322.2012.670918","article-title":"Evaluation of ninety-three major Greek university departments using Google Scholar","volume":"18","author":"Altanopoulou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Quality in Higher Education"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asfour, O. 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