{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:29:57Z","timestamp":1772252997754,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,22]],"date-time":"2018-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Library of Norway","award":["Ref a68f29d9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ref a68f29d9"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Publications"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Based on the total scholarly article output of Norway, we investigated the coverage and degree of openness according to the following three bibliographic services: (1) Google Scholar, (2) oaDOI by Impact Story, and (3) 1findr by 1science. According to Google Scholar, we found that more than 70% of all Norwegian articles are openly available. However, the degrees of openness are profoundly lower according to oaDOI and 1findr at 31% and 52%, respectively. Varying degrees of openness are mainly caused by different interpretations of openness, with oaDOI being the most restrictive. Furthermore, open shares vary considerably by discipline, with the medicine and health sciences at the upper end and the humanities at the lower end. We also determined the citation frequencies using cited-by values in Google Scholar and applying year and subject normalization. We found a significant citation advantage for open articles. However, this was not the case for all types of openness. In fact, the category of open access journals was by far the lowest cited, indicating that young journals with a declared open access policy still lack recognition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/publications6040046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,22]],"date-time":"2018-11-22T09:18:25Z","timestamp":1542878305000},"page":"46","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Grades of Openness: Open and Closed Articles in Norway"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7078-7126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanne","family":"Mikki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bergen Library, University of Bergen, 5007 Bergen, Norway"}]},{"given":"\u00d8yvind L.","family":"Gjesdal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bergen Library, University of Bergen, 5007 Bergen, Norway"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0979-9790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tormod E.","family":"Str\u00f8mme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bergen Library, University of Bergen, 5007 Bergen, Norway"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Education and Research in Norway (2017, July 22). National Goals and Guidelines for Open Access to Research Articles. Available online: https:\/\/www.regjeringen.no\/en\/dokumenter\/national-goals-and-guidelines-for-open-access-to-research-articles\/id2567591\/."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Max Planck Digital Library (2018, August 20). Open Access 2020. Available online: https:\/\/oa2020.org\/."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-017-2291-4","article-title":"Copyright compliance and infringement in ResearchGate full-text journal articles","volume":"112","author":"Jamali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.11366.1","article-title":"Looking Into Pandora\u2019s Box: The Content Of Sci-Hub And Its Usage","volume":"6","author":"Greshake","year":"2017","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Archambault, \u00c9., Caruso, J., and Nicol, A. (2018, May 30). State-of-Art Analysis of OA Strategies to Peer-Review Publications. Available online: http:\/\/www.science-metrix.com\/sites\/default\/files\/science-metrix\/publications\/d_2.1_sm_ec_dg-rtd_oa_policies_in_the_era_update_v05p_0.pdf."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2018.06.012","article-title":"Evidence of open access of scientific publications in Google Scholar: A large-scale analysis","volume":"12","author":"Costas","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Informetr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-017-2554-0","article-title":"Scholarly publications beyond pay-walls: increased citation advantage for open publishing","volume":"113","author":"Mikki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4375","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4375","article-title":"The state of OA: A large-scale analysis of the prevalence and impact of Open Access articles","volume":"6","author":"Piwowar","year":"2018","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"e3520v1","article-title":"Open access levels: A quantitative exploration using Web of Science and oaDOI data","volume":"6","author":"Bosman","year":"2018","journal-title":"PeerJ Preprints"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Chan, L., Cuplinskas, D., Eisen, M., Friend, F., Genova, Y., Gu\u00e9don, J.-C., Hagemann, M., Harnad, S., Johnson, R., and Kupryte, R. (2018, April 06). Budapest Open Access Initiative. Available online: http:\/\/www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org\/read."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suber, P. (2012). Open Access, MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9286.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1111\/ecin.12064","article-title":"Identifying the effect of Open Access on citations using a panel of scientific journals","volume":"52","author":"McCabe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Econ. Inq."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Archambault, E., C\u00f4t\u00e9, G., Struck, B., and Voorons, M. (2016, November 07). Research impact of paywalled versus open access papers. Science-Metrix and 1science 2016. 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Available online: http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/research\/participants\/data\/ref\/h2020\/grants_manual\/hi\/oa_pilot\/h2020-hi-oa-pilot-guide_en.pdf."}],"container-title":["Publications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-6775\/6\/4\/46\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:31:20Z","timestamp":1760196680000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-6775\/6\/4\/46"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,22]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["publications6040046"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/publications6040046","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints201808.0492.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2304-6775"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-6775","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,22]]}}}