{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:34:13Z","timestamp":1779323653997,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]],"date-time":"2021-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Publications"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This bibliometric study examines the overall research trends and productivity in the field of virtual reality (VR) in higher education. Bibliometric data were retrieved from Scopus databases. The findings suggest a rising trend in terms of citations and publications showing increased interest in the VR domain have been seen during the last few decades. The year in which the most citations of this type occurred was 2009, in which 1913 citations were recorded, whereas 2019 was the most productive year, as 127 documents on this subject were published in that year. The data analysis revealed that all the top ten researchers belong to Australia. Further, the top three researchers (Gregory S., Lee, M.J.W., and Wood, D.), countries (United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia), organizations (Charles Sturt University, Queensland University of Technology, and University of New England, Australia), journals (Computers and Education, International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, and Journal of Surgical Education) and collaborations (Australia and New Zealand, United States and the United Kingdom, and Australia and the United Kingdom) belong to developed countries. Virtual reality, virtual worlds, augmented reality, e-learning, and simulations are the top keywords used in the VR domain. The thematic evolution of the keyword shows the importance of \u201cVirtual Reality\u201d as a keyword throughout the 27 years of its existence (1994\u20132020). Furthermore, the main finding of the study is the interdisciplinary nature of the VR domain, which extends from the field of computer sciences to other disciplines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/publications9020017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]],"date-time":"2021-04-25T22:31:39Z","timestamp":1619389899000},"page":"17","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Educational Landscape of Virtual Reality in Higher Education: Bibliometric Evidences of Publishing Patterns and Emerging Trends"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Shaista","family":"Rashid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Level (UL) Department, College of Humanities, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8679-8863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amira","family":"Khattak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marketing, College of Business Administration, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3926-0673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murtaza","family":"Ashiq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Library and Information Science, Islamabad Model College for Boys, H-9 Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"},{"name":"Institute of Information Management, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8169-0132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shafiq","family":"Ur Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deanship of Library Affairs, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Rashid Rasool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lundquist Center for Entrepreneurship, Lundquist College of Business, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Brief history of flight simulation","volume":"1","author":"Page","year":"2000","journal-title":"SimTecT 2000 Proc."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"85","article-title":"A systematic review of Virtual Reality in education","volume":"10","author":"Kavanagh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Themes Sci. 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