{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T05:42:33Z","timestamp":1773553353123,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]],"date-time":"2021-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["023.010.066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["023.010.066"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Robotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>While social robots bring new opportunities for education, they also come with moral challenges. Therefore, there is a need for moral guidelines for the responsible implementation of these robots. When developing such guidelines, it is important to include different stakeholder perspectives. Existing (qualitative) studies regarding these perspectives however mainly focus on single stakeholders. In this exploratory study, we examine and compare the attitudes of multiple stakeholders on the use of social robots in primary education, using a novel questionnaire that covers various aspects of moral issues mentioned in earlier studies. Furthermore, we also group the stakeholders based on similarities in attitudes and examine which socio-demographic characteristics influence these attitude types. Based on the results, we identify five distinct attitude profiles and show that the probability of belonging to a specific profile is affected by such characteristics as stakeholder type, age, education and income. Our results also indicate that social robots have the potential to be implemented in education in a morally responsible way that takes into account the attitudes of various stakeholders, although there are multiple moral issues that need to be addressed first. Finally, we present seven (practical) implications for a responsible application of social robots in education following from our results. These implications provide valuable insights into how social robots should be implemented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/robotics10010024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]],"date-time":"2021-01-26T08:29:16Z","timestamp":1611649756000},"page":"24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Attitudes towards Social Robots in Education: Enthusiast, Practical, Troubled, Sceptic, and Mindfully Positive"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Matthijs H. J.","family":"Smakman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Science, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Institute for Information Communication and Technology, HU University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 15, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6134-8700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elly A.","family":"Konijn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Science, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Vogt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cognitive Science and Artificial Intelligence, Tilburg School of Humanities and Digital Sciences, Tilburg University, Warandelaan 2, 5037 AB Tilburg, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6226-6814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Pankowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Science, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-016-0667-2","article-title":"The case of classroom robots: Teachers\u2019 deliberations on the ethical tensions","volume":"32","author":"Serholt","year":"2017","journal-title":"AI Soc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-016-9387-z","article-title":"Should we welcome robot teachers?","volume":"18","author":"Sharkey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ethics Inf. 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