{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T09:27:56Z","timestamp":1772962076484,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/S03286X\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/S03286X\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Robotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In robotic teleoperation, the knowledge of the state of the remote environment in real time is paramount. Advances in the development of highly accurate 3D cameras able to provide high-quality point clouds appear to be a feasible solution for generating live, up-to-date virtual environments. Unfortunately, the exceptional accuracy and high density of these data represent a burden for communications requiring a large bandwidth affecting setups where the local and remote systems are particularly geographically distant. This paper presents a multiple level-of-detail (LoD) compression strategy for 3D data based on tree-like codification structures capable of compressing a single data frame at multiple resolutions using dynamically configured parameters. The level of compression (resolution) of objects is prioritised based on: (i) placement on the scene; and (ii) the type of object. For the former, classical point cloud fitting and segmentation techniques are implemented; for the latter, user-defined prioritisation is considered. The results obtained are compared using a single LoD (whole-scene) compression technique previously proposed by the authors. Results showed a considerable improvement to the transmitted data size and updated frame rate while maintaining low distortion after decompression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/robotics10030089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T21:56:51Z","timestamp":1626299811000},"page":"89","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Multiple Level-of-Detail 3D Data Transmission Approach for Low-Latency Remote Visualisation in Teleoperation Tasks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6575-1348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvador","family":"Pacheco-Gutierrez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Applications in Challenging Environments (RACE), United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon OX14 3DB, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0457-0871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanlin","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2641-3570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ipek","family":"Caliskanelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Applications in Challenging Environments (RACE), United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon OX14 3DB, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1076-906X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Skilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Applications in Challenging Environments (RACE), United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon OX14 3DB, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Goertz, R.C. 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