{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T14:07:06Z","timestamp":1774534026618,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]],"date-time":"2022-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Regional Operational Programme of the North 2020","award":["NORTE-06-3559-FSE-000018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-06-3559-FSE-000018"]}]},{"name":"Regional Operational Programme of the North 2020","award":["UIDB\/00319\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00319\/2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2013Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NORTE-06-3559-FSE-000018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-06-3559-FSE-000018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2013Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00319\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00319\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Robotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In environments shared with humans, Autonomous Mobile Robots (AMRs) should be designed with human-aware motion-planning skills. Even when AMRs can effectively avoid humans, only a handful of studies have evaluated the human perception of mobile robots. To establish appropriate non-verbal communication, robot movement should be legible and should consider the human element. In this paper, a study that evaluates humans\u2019 perceptions of different AMR courtesy behaviors at industrial facilities, particularly at crossing areas, is presented. To evaluate the proposed kinesic courtesy cues, we proposed five tests (four proposed cues\u2014stop, deceleration, retreating, and retreating and moving aside\u2014and one control test) with a set of participants taken two by two. We assessed three different metrics, namely, the participants\u2019 self-reported trust in AMR behavior, the legibility of the courtesy cues in the participants\u2019 opinions, and the behavioral analysis of the participants related to each courtesy cue tested. The retreating courtesy cue, regarding the legibility of the AMR behavior, and the decelerate courtesy cue, regarding the behavioral analysis of the participants\u2019 signs of hesitation, are better perceived from the forward view. The results obtained regarding the participants\u2019 self-reported trust showed no significant differences in the two participant perspectives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/robotics11030059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,15]],"date-time":"2022-05-15T09:48:22Z","timestamp":1652608102000},"page":"59","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Human\u2013Robot Interaction in Industrial Settings: Perception of Multiple Participants at a Crossroad Intersection Scenario with Different Courtesy Cues"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2889-3133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Algoritmi Centre, School of Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Algoritmi Centre, School of Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1138-1534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Colim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Algoritmi Centre, School of Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"},{"name":"DTx\u2014Digital Transformation CoLab, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2715-4037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Estela","family":"Bicho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Algoritmi Centre, School of Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1991-9418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Cristina","family":"Braga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Algoritmi Centre, School of Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3392-224X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DTx\u2014Digital Transformation CoLab, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Faria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DTx\u2014Digital Transformation CoLab, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7219-1518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds A.","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DTx\u2014Digital Transformation CoLab, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"European Commission (2021). 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