{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T11:19:58Z","timestamp":1773141598720,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":139,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"AGE-WELL Inc."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Robotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>For older adults, regular exercises can provide both physical and mental benefits, increase their independence, and reduce the risks of diseases associated with aging. However, only a small portion of older adults regularly engage in physical activity. Therefore, it is important to promote exercise among older adults to help maintain overall health. In this paper, we present the first exploratory long-term human\u2013robot interaction (HRI) study conducted at a local long-term care facility to investigate the benefits of one-on-one and group exercise interactions with an autonomous socially assistive robot and older adults. To provide targeted facilitation, our robot utilizes a unique emotion model that can adapt its assistive behaviors to users\u2019 affect and track their progress towards exercise goals through repeated sessions using the Goal Attainment Scale (GAS), while also monitoring heart rate to prevent overexertion. Results of the study show that users had positive valence and high engagement towards the robot and were able to maintain their exercise performance throughout the study. Questionnaire results showed high robot acceptance for both types of interactions. However, users in the one-on-one sessions perceived the robot as more sociable and intelligent, and had more positive perception of the robot\u2019s appearance and movements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/robotics12010009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T07:28:10Z","timestamp":1673249290000},"page":"9","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Long-Term Exercise Assistance: Group and One-on-One Interactions between a Social Robot and Seniors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9424-8194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingyang","family":"Shao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Autonomous Systems and Biomechatronics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King\u2019s College Rd., Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Pham-Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Autonomous Systems and Biomechatronics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King\u2019s College Rd., Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada"}]},{"given":"Silas Franco Dos Reis","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Autonomous Systems and Biomechatronics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King\u2019s College Rd., Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada"}]},{"given":"Matt","family":"Snyder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yee Hong Centre for Geriatric Care, 5510 Mavis Rd., Mississauga, ON L5V 2X5, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7391-5445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kasra","family":"Eshaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Autonomous Systems and Biomechatronics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King\u2019s College Rd., Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada"}]},{"given":"Beno","family":"Benhabib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Autonomous Systems and Biomechatronics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King\u2019s College Rd., Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7080-6857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Goldie","family":"Nejat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Autonomous Systems and Biomechatronics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King\u2019s College Rd., Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada"},{"name":"Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, 550 University Ave., Toronto, ON M5G 2A2, Canada"},{"name":"Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, 3560 Bathurst St., North York, ON M6A 2E1, Canada"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Panton, L., and Loney, B. 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