{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T17:46:55Z","timestamp":1781113615104,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,23]],"date-time":"2023-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Robotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Safe navigation is a key objective for autonomous applications, particularly those involving mobile tasks, to avoid dangerous situations and prevent harm to humans. However, the integration of a risk management process is not yet mandatory in robotics development. Ensuring safety using mobile robots is critical for many real-world applications, especially those in which contact with the robot could result in fatal consequences, such as agricultural environments where a mobile device with an industrial cutter is used for grass-mowing. In this paper, we propose an explicit integration of a risk management process into the design of the software for an autonomous grass mower, with the aim of enhancing safety. Our approach is tested and validated in simulated scenarios that assess the effectiveness of different custom safety functionalities in terms of collision prevention, execution time, and the number of required human interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/robotics12030063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T03:38:07Z","timestamp":1682307487000},"page":"63","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Towards Safe Robotic Agricultural Applications: Safe Navigation System Design for a Robotic Grass-Mowing Application through the Risk Management Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Carlos","family":"Mayoral Ba\u00f1os","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1430 \u00c5s, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P\u00e5l Johan","family":"From","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1430 \u00c5s, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6299-8465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Cielniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lincoln Institute for Agrifood Technology, University of Lincoln (UoL), Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2020.09.009","article-title":"Safety and ergonomics in human-robot interactive agricultural operations","volume":"200","author":"Benos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosyst. 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