{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T11:55:32Z","timestamp":1770465332158,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]],"date-time":"2023-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Robotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Prototyping and validating hardware\u2013software components, sub-systems and systems within the intelligent transportation system-of-systems framework requires a modular yet flexible and open-access ecosystem. This work presents our attempt to develop such a comprehensive research and education ecosystem, called AutoDRIVE, for synergistically prototyping, simulating and deploying cyber-physical solutions pertaining to autonomous driving as well as smart city management. AutoDRIVE features both software as well as hardware-in-the-loop testing interfaces with openly accessible scaled vehicle and infrastructure components. The ecosystem is compatible with a variety of development frameworks, and supports both single- and multi-agent paradigms through local as well as distributed computing. Most critically, AutoDRIVE is intended to be modularly expandable to explore emergent technologies, and this work highlights various complementary features and capabilities of the proposed ecosystem by demonstrating four such deployment use-cases: (i) autonomous parking using probabilistic robotics approach for mapping, localization, path-planning and control; (ii) behavioral cloning using computer vision and deep imitation learning; (iii) intersection traversal using vehicle-to-vehicle communication and deep reinforcement learning; and (iv) smart city management using vehicle-to-infrastructure communication and internet-of-things.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/robotics12030077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]],"date-time":"2023-05-27T16:18:43Z","timestamp":1685204323000},"page":"77","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["AutoDRIVE: A Comprehensive, Flexible and Integrated Digital Twin Ecosystem for Autonomous Driving Research &amp; Education"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9717-0764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanmay","family":"Samak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Autonomous Systems Lab (ASL), Department of Mechatronics Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRMIST), Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India"},{"name":"Automation, Robotics and Mechatronics Lab (ARMLab), Department of Automotive Engineering, Clemson University International Center for Automotive Research (CU-ICAR), Greenville, SC 29607, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6455-6716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chinmay","family":"Samak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Autonomous Systems Lab (ASL), Department of Mechatronics Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRMIST), Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India"},{"name":"Automation, Robotics and Mechatronics Lab (ARMLab), Department of Automotive Engineering, Clemson University International Center for Automotive Research (CU-ICAR), Greenville, SC 29607, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5302-030X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sivanathan","family":"Kandhasamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Autonomous Systems Lab (ASL), Department of Mechatronics Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRMIST), Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2539-896X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Venkat","family":"Krovi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Automation, Robotics and Mechatronics Lab (ARMLab), Department of Automotive Engineering, Clemson University International Center for Automotive Research (CU-ICAR), Greenville, SC 29607, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1696-9030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore 639798, Singapore"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58443","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2983149","article-title":"A Survey of Autonomous Driving: Common Practices and Emerging Technologies","volume":"8","author":"Yurtsever","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"CARLA: An Open Urban Driving Simulator","volume":"78","author":"Dosovitskiy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. 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