{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T18:57:51Z","timestamp":1773601071269,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]],"date-time":"2023-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Robotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review article presents an in-depth examination of research and development in the fields of rehabilitation, assistive technologies, and humanoid robots. It focuses on parallel robots designed for human body joints with three degrees of freedom, specifically the neck, shoulder, wrist, hip, and ankle. A systematic search was conducted across multiple databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect, the Directory of Open Access Journals, and the ASME Journal. This systematic review offers an updated overview of advancements in the field from 2012 to 2023. After applying exclusion criteria, 93 papers were selected for in-depth review. This cohort included 13 articles focusing on the neck joint, 19 on the shoulder joint, 22 on the wrist joint, 9 on the hip joint, and 30 on the ankle joint. The article discusses the timeline and advancements of parallel robots, covering technology readiness levels (TRLs), design, the number of degrees of freedom, kinematics structure, workspace assessment, functional capabilities, performance evaluation methods, and material selection for the development of parallel robotics. It also examines critical technological challenges and future prospects in rehabilitation, assistance, and humanoid robots.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/robotics12050131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]],"date-time":"2023-09-20T01:32:50Z","timestamp":1695173570000},"page":"131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["A Review of Parallel Robots: Rehabilitation, Assistance, and Humanoid Applications for Neck, Shoulder, Wrist, Hip, and Ankle Joints"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7682-5058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria E.","family":"Abarca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomechanics and Applied Robotics Research Laboratory, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Per\u00fa, Lima 15088, Peru"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5920-9608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dante A.","family":"Elias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomechanics and Applied Robotics Research Laboratory, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Per\u00fa, Lima 15088, Peru"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.5937\/fmet1903405L","article-title":"A kinematic and workspace analysis of a parallel rehabilitation device for head-neck injured patients","volume":"47","author":"Lingampally","year":"2019","journal-title":"FME Trans."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.50864","article-title":"A robotic neck brace to characterize head-neck motion and muscle electromyography in subjects with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. 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