{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T14:35:12Z","timestamp":1769006112582,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]],"date-time":"2023-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012511","name":"Escuela Politecnica Nacional","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PIGR 21-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIGR 21-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012511","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012511","name":"Escuela Politecnica Nacional","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PIM 21-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIM 21-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012511","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Robotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are versatile, adapting hardware and software for research. They are vital for remote monitoring, especially in challenging settings such as volcano observation with limited access. In response, economical computer vision systems provide a remedy by processing data, boosting UAV autonomy, and assisting in maneuvering. Through the application of these technologies, researchers can effectively monitor remote areas, thus improving surveillance capabilities. Moreover, flight controllers employ onboard tools to gather data, further enhancing UAV navigation during surveillance tasks. For energy efficiency and comprehensive coverage, this paper introduces a budget-friendly prototype aiding UAV navigation, minimizing effects on endurance. The prototype prioritizes improved maneuvering via the integrated landing and obstacle avoidance system (LOAS). Employing open-source software and MAVLink communication, these systems underwent testing on a Pixhawk-equipped quadcopter. Programmed on a Raspberry Pi onboard computer, the prototype includes a distance sensor and basic camera to meet low computational and weight demands.Tests occurred in controlled environments, with systems performing well in 90% of cases. The Pixhawk and Raspberry Pi documented quad actions during evasive and landing maneuvers. Results prove the prototype\u2019s efficacy in refining UAV navigation. Integrating this cost-effective, energy-efficient model holds promise for long-term mission enhancement\u2014cutting costs, expanding terrain coverage, and boosting surveillance capabilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/robotics12060145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]],"date-time":"2023-10-27T09:42:52Z","timestamp":1698399772000},"page":"145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Low-Cost Computer-Vision-Based Embedded Systems for UAVs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Luis D.","family":"Ortega","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n de Aeron\u00e1utica y Termofluidos Aplicada, Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Mec\u00e1nica, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Nacional, Av Ladr\u00f3n de Gevara E11-253, Quito 170525, Ecuador"}]},{"given":"Erick S.","family":"Loyaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n de Aeron\u00e1utica y Termofluidos Aplicada, Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Mec\u00e1nica, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Nacional, Av Ladr\u00f3n de Gevara E11-253, Quito 170525, Ecuador"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3026-7980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricio J.","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Automatizaci\u00f3n y Control Industrial, Facultadad de El\u00e9ctrica y Electr\u00f3nica, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Nacional, Quito 170525, Ecuador"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7246-6630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henry P.","family":"Lema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau Georges-K\u00f6hler-Allee 106, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1767-1938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jackeline","family":"Abad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Automatizaci\u00f3n y Control Industrial, Facultadad de El\u00e9ctrica y Electr\u00f3nica, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Nacional, Quito 170525, Ecuador"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6496-9908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esteban A.","family":"Valencia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n de Aeron\u00e1utica y Termofluidos Aplicada, Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Mec\u00e1nica, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Nacional, Av Ladr\u00f3n de Gevara E11-253, Quito 170525, Ecuador"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Melita, C.D., Longo, D., Muscato, G., and Giudice, G. 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