{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T13:41:28Z","timestamp":1772804488243,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]],"date-time":"2025-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Robotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This research investigates the impact of actuator faults on the formation control of multiple-wheeled mobile robots\u2014a critical aspect in coordinating multi-robot systems for applications such as surveillance, exploration, and transportation. When a fault occurs in any of the robots, it can disrupt the formation and adversely affect the system\u2019s performance, thereby compromising system efficiency and reliability. While numerous studies have focused on fault-tolerant control strategies to maintain formation integrity, there is a notable gap in the literature regarding the relationship between controller gains and settling time under varying degrees of actuator loss. In this paper, we develop a kinematic model of wheeled mobile robots and implement a leader\u2013follower-based formation control strategy. Actuator faults are systematically introduced with varying levels of effectiveness (e.g., 80%, 60%, and 40% of full capacity) to observe their effects on formation maintenance. We generate data correlating controller gains with settling time under different actuator loss conditions and fit a polynomial curve to derive an equation describing this relationship. Comprehensive MATLAB simulations are conducted to evaluate the proposed methodology. The results demonstrate the influence of actuator faults on the formation control system and provide valuable insights into optimizing controller gains for improved fault tolerance. These findings contribute to the development of more robust multi-robot systems capable of maintaining formation and performance despite the presence of actuator failures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/robotics14050059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T08:28:11Z","timestamp":1746174491000},"page":"59","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Formation Control of Wheeled Mobile Robots with Fault-Tolerance Capabilities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2413-2566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Shahab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Control and Instrumentation Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7789-428X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Nasir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Control and Instrumentation Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research Center for Intelligent Manufacturing and Robotics, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research Center for Aviation and Space Exploration (Guest Scholar), King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8977-9302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nezar M.","family":"Alyazidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Control and Instrumentation Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research Center for Smart Mobility and Logistics, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, W., and Beard, R.W. 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