{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:41:53Z","timestamp":1760060513601,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]],"date-time":"2025-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["FW-HTF-2026584"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FW-HTF-2026584"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Robotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The effective use of nursing assistant robots requires an understanding of key acceptance factors. The study examined the differences in attitudes among 58 nursing students while performing ambulation tasks with and without an Adaptive Robotic Nursing Assistant (ARNA) robot. An ARNA is driven by tactile cues from the patient through a force\u2013torque-measuring handlebar, whose signals are fed into a neuro-adaptive controller to achieve a specific admittance behavior regardless of patient strength, weight, or floor incline. Ambulation tasks used two fall-prevention devices: a gait belt and a full-body harness. The attitude toward the robot included perceived satisfaction, usefulness, and assistance, replacing the perceived ease-of-use construct found in the standard technology acceptance model. The effects of external demographic variables on those constructs were also analyzed. The modified technology acceptance model was validated with the simultaneous estimation of the effects of perceived usefulness and assistance on satisfaction. Our analysis employed an integrated hierarchical linear mixed-effects regression model to analyze the complex relationships between model variables. Our results suggest that nursing students rated the ARNA\u2019s performance higher across all model constructs compared to a human assistant. Furthermore, male subjects rated the perceived usefulness of the robot higher than female subjects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/robotics14090121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T08:28:15Z","timestamp":1756715295000},"page":"121","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Acceptance of an Adaptive Robotic Nursing Assistant for Ambulation Tasks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6895-1830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina","family":"Kondaurova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"}]},{"given":"Payman","family":"Sharafian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Louisville Automation and Robotics Research Institute (LARRI), University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40208, USA"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA"}]},{"given":"Riten","family":"Mitra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4426-6364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madan M.","family":"Rayguru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Louisville Automation and Robotics Research Institute (LARRI), University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40208, USA"}]},{"given":"Bryan D.","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management, Spears School of Business, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Gaskins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"}]},{"given":"Marjorie A.","family":"Erdmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management, Spears School of Business, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4657-3926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyejin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management, Spears School of Business, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}]},{"given":"Mimia Cynthia","family":"Logsdon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Louisville Automation and Robotics Research Institute (LARRI), University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40208, USA"},{"name":"School of Nursing, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2360-0020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan O.","family":"Popa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Louisville Automation and Robotics Research Institute (LARRI), University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40208, USA"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7853870","DOI":"10.1155\/jonm\/7853870","article-title":"Patterns and Trends in Global Nursing Robotics Research: A Bibliometric Study","volume":"2025","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. 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