{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T14:27:59Z","timestamp":1772029679379,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC3601103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3601103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Robotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The exoskeleton rehabilitation robot is a structural robot that uses the actuator to control, so as to construct a human\u2013robot collaborative rehabilitation training system to realize the perception and decoding of patients and promotes the recovery of limb function and neural remodeling. This review focused on the synergistic advancement of physical and information interaction in exoskeleton rehabilitation robotics. This review systematically retrieved literature related to the synergistic advancement of physical and information interaction in exoskeleton rehabilitation robotics. Publications from 2011 to 2025 were searched for across the EI, IEEE Xplore, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. The included studies mainly covered the period from 2018 to 2025, reflecting recent technological progress. This article summarizes the collaborative progress of physical and informational interaction in exoskeleton rehabilitation robots. The physical and information interaction is manifested in the bionic structure, physiological information detection and information processing technology to identify human movement intention. The bionic structural design is fundamental to realize natural coordination between human and robot to improve the following of movements. The active participation and movement intention recognition accuracy are enhanced based on multimodal physiological signal detection and information processing technology, which provides a clear direction for the development of intelligent rehabilitation technology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/robotics15010025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T11:35:27Z","timestamp":1768822527000},"page":"25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Synergistic Advancement of Physical and Information Interaction in Exoskeleton Rehabilitation Robotics: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6245-9338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cuizhi","family":"Fei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Rehabilitation Engineering and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0240-4004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiaoling","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Rehabilitation Engineering and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongliu","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Rehabilitation Engineering and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuhua","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 201209, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-2200","article-title":"Rehabilitation: The Health Strategy of the 21st Century","volume":"50","author":"Stucki","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s43154-020-00015-4","article-title":"Human-Robot Interaction in Rehabilitation and Assistance: A Review","volume":"1","author":"Mohebbi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Robot. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s10846-019-01063-5","article-title":"Influence of a Compatible Design on Physical Human-Robot Interaction Force: A Case Study of a Self-Adapting Lower-Limb Exoskeleton Mechanism","volume":"98","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Intell. Robot. Syst."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1109\/TCDS.2023.3241632","article-title":"Applied Exoskeleton Technology: A Comprehensive Review of Physical and Cognitive Human\u2013Robot Interaction","volume":"15","author":"Nazari","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cogn. Dev. Syst."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, H., Qi, W., Chen, J., Yang, C., Sandoval, J., and Laribi, M.A. (2023). Recent Advancements in Multimodal Human\u2013Robot Interaction. Front. Neurorobot., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2023.1084000"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Belcamino, V. (2025). Enhancing Human-Robot Collaboration Through Advanced Human Activity Recognition and Motion Tracking. [Doctoral Dissertation, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Genova]."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2020.01.016","article-title":"Design and Verification of a Human\u2013Robot Interaction System for Upper Limb Exoskeleton Rehabilitation","volume":"79","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasan, S., and Alam, N. (2025). Comprehensive Comparative Analysis of Lower Limb Exoskeleton Research: Control, Design, and Application. Actuators, 14.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202505.2023.v2"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exploring Challenges and Opportunities of Wearable Robots: A Comprehensive Review of Design, Human-Robot Interaction and Control Strategy","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"APSIPA Trans. Signal Inf. Process."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nizamis, K., Athanasiou, A., Almpani, S., Dimitrousis, C., and Astaras, A. (2021). Converging Robotic Technologies in Targeted Neural Rehabilitation: A Review of Emerging Solutions and Challenges. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21062084"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002640","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202002640","article-title":"Functional Fibers and Fabrics for Soft Robotics, Wearables, and Human\u2013Robot Interface","volume":"33","author":"Xiong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300359","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202300359","article-title":"Multimodal Human\u2013Robot Interaction for Human-centric Smart Manufacturing: A Survey","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hedayati, H., Suzuki, R., Rees, W., Leithinger, D., and Szafir, D. (2022). Designing Expandable-Structure Robots for Human-Robot Interaction. Front. Robot. AI, 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2022.719639"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2023.124140","article-title":"Advancements in Humanoid Robots: A Comprehensive Review and Future Prospects","volume":"11","author":"Tong","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE\/CAA J. Autom. Sin."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Copaci, D., Arias, J., Moreno, L., and Blanco, D. (2022). Shape Memory Alloy (SMA)-Based Exoskeletons for Upper Limb Rehabilitation. Rehabilitation of the Human Bone-Muscle System, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.101751"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"084004","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6501\/acd01d","article-title":"Design and Experimental Study of a Flexible Finger Rehabilitation Robot Driven by Shape Memory Alloy","volume":"34","author":"Zuo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruth, D.J.S., Sohn, J.-W., Dhanalakshmi, K., and Choi, S.-B. (2022). Control Aspects of Shape Memory Alloys in Robotics Applications: A Review over the Last Decade. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22134860"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, T., Zhang, D., Xie, T., and Zhu, X. (2013, January 12\u201314). An Exoskeleton System for Hand Rehabilitation Driven by Shape Memory Alloy. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics (ROBIO), Shenzhen, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBIO.2013.6739553"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shami, Z., Arslan, T., and Lomax, P. (2025). Wearable Soft Robots: Case Study of Using Shape Memory Alloys in Rehabilitation. Bioengineering, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12030276"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.5194\/ms-14-159-2023","article-title":"Design of a Soft Bionic Elbow Exoskeleton Based on Shape Memory Alloy Spring Actuators","volume":"14","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mech. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605101","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1605101","article-title":"New Design of a Soft Robotics Wearable Elbow Exoskeleton Based on Shape Memory Alloy Wire Actuators","volume":"2017","author":"Copaci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Bionics Biomech."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8905","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2024.3455901","article-title":"Design Models and Performance Analysis for a Novel Shape Memory Alloy-Actuated Wearable Hand Exoskeleton for Rehabilitation","volume":"9","author":"Curcio","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2019.06.075","article-title":"Control Strategy of a Pneumatic Artificial Muscle for an Exoskeleton Application","volume":"52","author":"Giancarlo","year":"2019","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.5194\/ms-13-387-2022","article-title":"A Passive Upper-Limb Exoskeleton for Industrial Application Based on Pneumatic Artificial Muscles","volume":"13","author":"Paterna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mech. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrikopoulos, G., Nikolakopoulos, G., and Manesis, S. (2011, January 20\u201323). A Survey on Applications of Pneumatic Artificial Muscles. Proceedings of the 2011 19th Mediterranean Conference on Control & Automation (MED), Corfu, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/MED.2011.5982983"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704407","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201704407","article-title":"Artificial Muscles: Mechanisms, Applications, and Challenges","volume":"30","author":"Mirvakili","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1108\/01439911311309951","article-title":"A Five-fingered Hand Exoskeleton Driven by Pneumatic Artificial Muscles with Novel Polypyrrole Sensors","volume":"40","author":"Tjahyono","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Robot Int. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391032","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1391032","article-title":"Real-Time Evaluation of the Signal Processing of sEMG Used in Limb Exoskeleton Rehabilitation System","volume":"2018","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Bionics Biomech."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1108\/IR-02-2020-0041","article-title":"Design and Control of an Exoskeleton Robot with EMG-Driven Electrical Stimulation for Upper Limb Rehabilitation","volume":"47","author":"Bouteraa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind. Robot Int. J. Robot. Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, R.M., Chatterji, S., and Kumar, A. (2013, January 21\u201323). A Review on Surface EMG Based Control Schemes of Exoskeleton Robot in Stroke Rehabilitation. Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Machine Intelligence and Research Advancement, Katra, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMIRA.2013.65"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17298814211003461","DOI":"10.1177\/17298814211003461","article-title":"Design and Evaluation of a Surface Electromyography-Controlled Lightweight Upper Arm Exoskeleton Rehabilitation Robot","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Robot. Syst."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2011.2178034","article-title":"EMG and EPP-Integrated Human\u2013Machine Interface between the Paralyzed and Rehabilitation Exoskeleton","volume":"16","author":"Yin","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, G., Wang, J., Chen, W., and Zhang, J. (2017, January 19\u201321). EEG-Based Brain-Controlled Lower Extremity Exoskeleton Rehabilitation Robot. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Cybernetics and Intelligent Systems (CIS) and IEEE Conference on Robotics, Automation and Mechatronics (RAM), Ningbo, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCIS.2017.8274875"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Hekmatmanesh, A. (2019). Investigation of EEG Signal Processing for Rehabilitation Robot Control. [Ph.D. Thesis, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orban, M., Elsamanty, M., Guo, K., Zhang, S., and Yang, H. (2022). A Review of Brain Activity and EEG-Based Brain\u2013Computer Interfaces for Rehabilitation Application. Bioengineering, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9120768"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008936","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202008936","article-title":"Wearable Sensors-enabled Human\u2013Machine Interaction Systems: From Design to Application","volume":"31","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-021-00974-5","article-title":"Human-Machine-Human Interaction in Motor Control and Rehabilitation: A Review","volume":"18","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13954","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2021.3127217","article-title":"Human\u2013Machine Interaction in Intelligent and Connected Vehicles: A Review of Status Quo, Issues, and Opportunities","volume":"23","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Wang, B., Zhang, C., Xiao, Y., and Wang, M.Y. (2019). An EEG\/EMG\/EOG-Based Multimodal Human-Machine Interface to Real-Time Control of a Soft Robot Hand. Front. Neurorobot., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2019.00007"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30007","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2023.3328615","article-title":"Human Lower Limb Motion Intention Recognition for Exoskeletons: A Review","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pamungkas, D.S., Caesarendra, W., Soebakti, H., Analia, R., and Susanto, S. (2019). Overview: Types of Lower Limb Exoskeletons. Electronics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics8111283"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2014.2351491","article-title":"Lower Limb Wearable Robots for Assistance and Rehabilitation: A State of the Art","volume":"10","author":"Huo","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215515575166","article-title":"Lower-Limb Exoskeletons for Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury: Findings from a Feasibility Study","volume":"30","author":"Benson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"4","article-title":"State-of-the-Art Research in Robotic Hip Exoskeletons: A General Review","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Transl."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2017.05.013","article-title":"Design and Development of Lower Limb Exoskeletons: A Survey","volume":"95","author":"Aliman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Robot. Auton. Syst."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-019-0517-9","article-title":"Compliant Lower Limb Exoskeletons: A Comprehensive Review on Mechanical Design Principles","volume":"16","author":"Torricelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beckerle, P., Salvietti, G., Unal, R., Prattichizzo, D., Rossi, S., Castellini, C., Hirche, S., Endo, S., Amor, H.B., and Ciocarlie, M. (2017). A Human\u2013Robot Interaction Perspective on Assistive and Rehabilitation Robotics. Front. Neurorobot., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2017.00024"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casas, J., Cespedes, N., M\u00fanera, M., and Cifuentes, C.A. (2020). Human-Robot Interaction for Rehabilitation Scenarios. Control Systems Design of Bio-Robotics and Bio-Mechatronics with Advanced Applications, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-817463-0.00001-0"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s10846-022-01762-6","article-title":"Design and Experimental Evaluation of a Low Cost, Portable, 3-Dof Wrist Rehabilitation Robot with High Physical Human\u2013Robot Interaction","volume":"106","author":"Mayetin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Intell. Robot. Syst."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2022.3189231","article-title":"Drivable Space of Rehabilitation Robot for Physical Human\u2013Robot Interaction: Definition and an Expanding Method","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Robot."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, Y., Gu, X., and Yang, G.-Z. (2021). Human\u2013Robot Interaction for Rehabilitation Robotics. Digitalization in Healthcare: Implementing Innovation and Artificial Intelligence, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-65896-0_23"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3437","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2023.3286073","article-title":"Human\u2013Robot Interaction Evaluation-Based AAN Control for Upper Limb Rehabilitation Robots Driven by Series Elastic Actuators","volume":"39","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Robot."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700016","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.201700016","article-title":"Soft Robotics: Review of Fluid-driven Intrinsically Soft Devices; Manufacturing, Sensing, Control, and Applications in Human-robot Interaction","volume":"19","author":"Polygerinos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200159","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202200159","article-title":"Soft Wearable Rehabilitation Robots with Artificial Muscles Based on Smart Materials: A Review","volume":"5","author":"Garcia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.device.2024.100512","article-title":"A Magnetically Controlled Soft Robotic Glove for Hand Rehabilitation","volume":"2","author":"Gaeta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Device"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-023-00728-z","article-title":"A Soft-Packaged and Portable Rehabilitation Glove Capable of Closed-Loop Fine Motor Skills","volume":"5","author":"Sui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2015.2428504","article-title":"Modeling of Soft Fiber-Reinforced Bending Actuators","volume":"31","author":"Polygerinos","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Robot."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2019.2911992","article-title":"Design, Modeling, and Testing of a Soft Pneumatic Glove With Segmented PneuNets Bending Actuators","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE\/ASME Trans. Mechatron."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eml.2019.01.007","article-title":"Sew-Free Anisotropic Textile Composites for Rapid Design and Manufacturing of Soft Wearable Robots","volume":"27","author":"Connolly","year":"2019","journal-title":"Extrem. Mech. Lett."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703034","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201703034","article-title":"Recent Progress of Textile-based Wearable Electronics: A Comprehensive Review of Materials, Devices, and Applications","volume":"14","author":"Heo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2017.2669366","article-title":"A Fully Fabric-Based Bidirectional Soft Robotic Glove for Assistance and Rehabilitation of Hand Impaired Patients","volume":"2","author":"Yap","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3105","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2021.3062588","article-title":"High-Force Fabric-Based Pneumatic Actuators With Asymmetric Chambers and Interference-Reinforced Structure for Soft Wearable Assistive Gloves","volume":"6","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"623","article-title":"Design and Actuator Selection of a Lower Extremity Exoskeleton","volume":"19","author":"Kalyoncu","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE\/ASME Trans. Mechatron."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiguchi, K., Imada, Y., and Liyanage, M. (2007, January 22\u201326). EMG-Based Neuro-Fuzzy Control of a 4DOF Upper-Limb Power-Assist Exoskeleton. Proceedings of the 2007 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Lyon, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2007.4352969"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"520","article-title":"Lower Extremity Exoskeleton: Review and Challenges Surrounding the Technology and Its Role in Rehabilitation of Lower Limbs","volume":"7","author":"Hong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aust. J. Basic Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, S., Gao, J., Guo, J., Zhang, W., and Hu, Y. (2016, January 7\u201310). Design of the Structural Optimization for the Upper Limb Rehabilitation Robot. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation, Harbin, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMA.2016.7558730"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wehner, M., Quinlivan, B., Aubin, P.M., Martinez-Villalpando, E., Baumann, M., Stirling, L., Holt, K., Wood, R., and Walsh, C. (2013, January 6\u201310). A Lightweight Soft Exosuit for Gait Assistance. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Karlsruhe, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2013.6631046"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1109\/MRA.2014.2360283","article-title":"Stronger, Smarter, Softer: Next-generation wearable robots","volume":"21","author":"Asbeck","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Mag."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2014.09.025","article-title":"Soft Exosuit for Hip Assistance","volume":"73","author":"Asbeck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Robot. Auton. Syst."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, D., In, H., Lee, H., Lee, S., Koo, I., Kang, B.B., Park, K., Chang, W.S., and Cho, K.-J. (2014, January 12\u201315). Preliminary Study for a Soft Wearable Knee Extensor to Assist Physically Weak People. Proceedings of the 2014 11th International Conference on Ubiquitous Robots and Ambient Intelligence (URAI), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/URAI.2014.7057414"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, Y.L., Santos, J., Galloway, K.G., Goldfield, E.C., and Wood, R.J. (June, January 31). A Soft Wearable Robotic Device for Active Knee Motions Using Flat Pneumatic Artificial Muscles. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Hong Kong, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2014.6907562"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sridar, S., Nguyen, P.H., Zhu, M.J., Lam, Q.P., and Polygerinos, P. (2017, January 24\u201328). Development of a Soft-Inflatable Exosuit for Knee Rehabilitation. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2017.8206220"},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Poddar, S. (2020). Design of a Portable Pneumatic Exosuit for Knee Extension Assistance with Gait Sensing Using Fabric-Based Inflatable Insole Sensors. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Arizona State University]."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364920917446","article-title":"Human Motion Trajectory Prediction: A Survey","volume":"39","author":"Rudenko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Robot. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haddadin, S., and Croft, E. (2016). Physical Human\u2013Robot Interaction. Springer Handbook of Robotics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-32552-1_69"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5772\/5664","article-title":"Human-Robot Collaboration: A Literature Review and Augmented Reality Approach in Design","volume":"5","author":"Green","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Robot. Syst."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2021.3131684","article-title":"A Review of Human\u2013Machine Cooperation in the Robotics Domain","volume":"52","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Hum.-Mach. Syst."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zakharov, A.V., Bulanov, V.A., Khivintseva, E.V., Kolsanov, A.V., Bushkova, Y.V., and Ivanova, G.E. (2020). Stroke Affected Lower Limbs Rehabilitation Combining Virtual Reality with Tactile Feedback. Front. Robot. AI, 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2020.00081"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e064926","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-064926","article-title":"Combined Robot Motor Assistance with Neural Circuit-Based Virtual Reality (NeuCir-VR) Lower Extremity Rehabilitation Training in Patients after Stroke: A Study Protocol for a Single-Centre Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chandrasekhar, V., Vazhayil, V., and Rao, M. (2020, January 20\u201324). Design of a Real Time Portable Low-Cost Multi-Channel Surface Electromyography System to Aid Neuromuscular Disorder and Post Stroke Rehabilitation Patients. Proceedings of the 2020 42nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC), Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC44109.2020.9176058"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sousa, A.S.P., Moreira, J., Silva, C., Mesquita, I., Macedo, R., Silva, A., and Santos, R. (2022). Usability of Functional Electrical Stimulation in Upper Limb Rehabilitation in Post-Stroke Patients: A Narrative Review. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22041409"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"061003","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ac36aa","article-title":"Emergence of Flexible Technology in Developing Advanced Systems for Post-Stroke Rehabilitation: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"18","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1109\/TMRB.2020.3019081","article-title":"A Novel sEMG Triggered FES-Hybrid Robotic Lower Limb Rehabilitation System for Stroke Patients","volume":"2","author":"Petersen","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Robot. Bionics"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-021-00851-1","article-title":"Feasibility and Preliminary Efficacy of a Combined Virtual Reality, Robotics and Electrical Stimulation Intervention in Upper Extremity Stroke Rehabilitation","volume":"18","author":"Archambault","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2019.2891004","article-title":"Synergy-Based FES for Post-Stroke Rehabilitation of Upper-Limb Motor Functions","volume":"27","author":"Niu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Q., Huang, T., He, J., Wang, Y., and Zhou, H. (2011, January 22\u201325). A Programmable Multi-Channel Stimulator for Array Electrodes in Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE\/ICME International Conference on Complex Medical Engineering, Harbin, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCME.2011.5876821"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2017.2739244","article-title":"Effects of Continuous Kinaesthetic Feedback Based on Tendon Vibration on Motor Imagery BCI Performance","volume":"26","author":"Barsotti","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2016.09.007","article-title":"Comparison of Signal Decomposition Methods in Classification of EEG Signals for Motor-Imagery BCI System","volume":"31","author":"Kevric","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Achanccaray, D., Acu\u00f1a, K., Carranza, E., and Andreu-Perez, J. (2017, January 9\u201312). A Virtual Reality and Brain Computer Interface System for Upper Limb Rehabilitation of Post Stroke Patients. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems, Naples, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/FUZZ-IEEE.2017.8015726"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2017.2655542","article-title":"Optimized Motor Imagery Paradigm Based on Imagining Chinese Characters Writing Movement","volume":"25","author":"Qiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"011001","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aaf12e","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review of EEG-Based Brain\u2013Computer Interface Paradigms","volume":"16","author":"Abiri","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2018.1445068","article-title":"Towards a Hybrid BCI Gaming Paradigm Based on Motor Imagery and SSVEP","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2020.102074","article-title":"A Review of the Key Technologies for sEMG-Based Human-Robot Interaction Systems","volume":"62","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e379","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.379","article-title":"The Classification of Movement Intention through Machine Learning Models: The Identification of Significant Time-Domain EMG Features","volume":"7","author":"Khairuddin","year":"2021","journal-title":"PeerJ Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2019.2958076","article-title":"A Bayesian Shared Control Approach for Wheelchair Robot with Brain Machine Interface","volume":"28","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2020.103566","article-title":"A Spiking Network Classifies Human sEMG Signals and Triggers Finger Reflexes on a Robotic Hand","volume":"131","author":"Tieck","year":"2020","journal-title":"Robot. Auton. Syst."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaurasiya, R.K., Shukla, S., and Sahu, T.P. (2019, January 1\u20133). A Sequential Study of Emotions through EEG Using HMM. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering, New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CSE\/EUC.2019.00029"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2018.03.053","article-title":"EEG Signal Classification Using Universum Support Vector Machine","volume":"106","author":"Richhariya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phinyomark, A., Khushaba, R.N., and Scheme, E. (2018). Feature Extraction and Selection for Myoelectric Control Based on Wearable EMG Sensors. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18051615"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malleson, C., Volino, M., Gilbert, A., Trumble, M., Collomosse, J., and Hilton, A. (2017, January 10\u201312). Real-Time Full-Body Motion Capture from Video and IMUs. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on 3D Vision, Qingdao, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/3DV.2017.00058"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5345","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2023.3311448","article-title":"Wearable Motion Capture: Reconstructing and Predicting 3D Human Poses From Wearable Sensors","volume":"27","author":"Moniruzzaman","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"046004","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab9b6c","article-title":"A Hybrid Body-Machine Interface Integrating Signals from Muscles and Motions","volume":"17","author":"Rizzoglio","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"Huang, W.L., Wang, C., Zhang, R.H., Li, Y.Z., Wu, J.J., and Fei-Fei, L. (2023, January 6\u20139). VoxPoser: Composable 3D Value Maps for Robotic Manipulation with Language Models. Proceedings of the 7th Conference on Robot Learning, Atlanta, GA, USA."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, J., Sarkar, B., Xia, F., Xiao, T., Wu, J.J., Ichter, B., Majumdar, A., and Sadigh, D. (2024, January 13\u201314). Physically Grounded Vision-Language Models for Robotic Manipulation. Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Yokohama, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA57147.2024.10610090"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-023-02974-0","article-title":"Design and Analysis of a Compatible Exoskeleton Rehabilitation Robot System Based on Upper Limb Movement Mechanism","volume":"62","author":"Ning","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2024.115728","article-title":"A Brain-Inspired Decision-Making Method for Upper Limb Exoskeleton Based on Multi-Brain-Region Structure and Multimodal Information Fusion","volume":"241","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2025.103109","article-title":"Human-Robot Collaboration in Construction: Robot Design, Perception and Interaction, and Task Allocation and Execution","volume":"65","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Inform."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almohamade, S., Clark, J., and Law, J. (2021, January 17\u201320). Continuous User Authentication for Human-Robot Collaboration. Proceedings of the Ares 2021: 16th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security, Vienna, Austria.","DOI":"10.1145\/3465481.3470025"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["Robotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-6581\/15\/1\/25\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T11:53:33Z","timestamp":1768823613000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-6581\/15\/1\/25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"references-count":109,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["robotics15010025"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/robotics15010025","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-6581"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-6581","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]}}}