{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T16:32:40Z","timestamp":1781886760789,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Robotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite decades of research, autonomous forklifts remain deployed at a small scale (2\u201350 vehicles), while industrial warehouses require coordinating hundreds of vehicles in environments shared with human workers. This systematic review analyzes forklift-specific autonomous technologies published between 2010 and 2025 across major robotics databases (including IEEE Xplore, ACM, Elsevier, and related venues) to identify deployment barriers. Following the PRISMA guidelines, we systematically selected 122 peer-reviewed papers addressing forklift-specific challenges across eight subsystems: vehicle modeling, localization, planning, control, vision-based manipulation, multi-vehicle coordination, and safety. We synthesized 80 methods through 8 standardized comparison tables with quality assessment based on validation rigor. State-of-the-art approaches demonstrate strong laboratory performance: localization achieving \u00b11.4 mm accuracy, control enabling sub-centimeter manipulation, planning reducing mission times by 2\u201355%, vision reaching 98%+ recognition, and safety frameworks cutting rollover risk by 53\u201359%. However, validation predominantly occurs at laboratory scale, revealing a critical deployment gap. These achievements do not scale to industrial environments due to fleet coordination complexity, payload variability, and unpredictable human behavior. Our contributions include the following: (1) performance rankings with technology selection guidance, (2) systematic gap characterization, and (3) research priorities addressing mixed-fleet coordination, learning-enhanced control, and human-aware safety. This review was not prospectively registered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/robotics15020030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T15:48:30Z","timestamp":1769442510000},"page":"30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Autonomous Forklifts for Warehouse Automation: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0762-6931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aditya Dilip","family":"Patil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cal Poly Cyber-Physical Systems Lab, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6415-5560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siavash","family":"Farzan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vivaldini, K.C.T., Galdames, J.P.M., Bueno, T.S., Araujo, R.C., Sobral, R.M., Becker, M., and Caurin, G.A.P. (2010, January 14\u201317). Robotic forklifts for intelligent warehouses: Routing, path planning, and auto-localization. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology, Vina del Mar, Chile.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIT.2010.5472487"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Garibotto, G., Masciangelo, S., Bassino, P., Coelho, C., Pavan, A., and Marson, M. (1998, January 20\u201320). Industrial exploitation of computer vision in logistic automation: Autonomous control of an intelligent forklift truck. Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (Cat. No.98CH36146), Leuven, Belgium."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Lin, C., and Ren, Q. (2022, January 16\u201319). Hierarchical path planning for autonomous forklifts in complex industrial environments. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE 17th Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA), Chengdu, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIEA54703.2022.10006014"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matute, J.A., Diaz, S., Zubizarreta, A., Karimoddini, A., and Perez, J. (2022, January 8\u201312). An Approach to Global and Behavioral Planning for Automated Forklifts in Structured Environments. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE 25th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), Macau, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC55140.2022.9921844"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, L., Song, K., and Xie, H. (2020, January 27\u201329). Path-Following Control for Self-driving Forklifts based on Cascade Disturbance Rejection with Coordinates Reconstruction. Proceedings of the 2020 39th Chinese Control Conference (CCC), Shenyang, China.","DOI":"10.23919\/CCC50068.2020.9189251"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7925","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2024.3361020","article-title":"Enhancing Roll Stability of Counterbalance Forklift Trucks With a Novel Rollover Index and Hierarchical Adaptive Model Predictive Control","volume":"73","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3180","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2025.3573067","article-title":"Path Following of Autonomous Forklifts via Nonlinear Model Predictive Control","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE\/ASME Trans. Mechatronics"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aref, M.M., Ghabcheloo, R., Kolu, A., Hyvonen, M., Huhtala, K., and Mattila, J. (2013, January 12\u201315). Position-based visual servoing for pallet picking by an articulated-frame-steering hydraulic mobile machine. Proceedings of the 2013 6th IEEE Conference on Robotics, Automation and Mechatronics (RAM), Manila, Philippines.","DOI":"10.1109\/RAM.2013.6758587"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khaled, S., Shehata, O.M., and Morgan, E.I. (2020, January 24\u201326). Intersection Control for Autonomous Vehicles Using Control Barrier Function Approach. Proceedings of the 2020 2nd Novel Intelligent and Leading Emerging Sciences Conference (NILES), Giza, Egypt.","DOI":"10.1109\/NILES50944.2020.9257886"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70004","DOI":"10.1049\/csy2.70004","article-title":"Enhancing stability and safety: A novel multi-constraint model predictive control approach for forklift trajectory","volume":"6","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"IET Cyber-Syst. Robot."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fraifer, M.A., Coleman, J., Maguire, J., Trsli\u0107, P., Dooly, G., and Toal, D. (2025). Autonomous Forklifts: State of the Art\u2014Exploring Perception, Scanning Technologies and Functional Systems\u2014A Comprehensive Review. Electronics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics14010153"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1109\/TASE.2016.2603781","article-title":"Decentralized Control of Multi-AGV Systems in Autonomous Warehousing Applications","volume":"13","author":"Draganjac","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2024.10.187","article-title":"Review of autonomous mobile robots in intralogistics: State-of-the-art, limitations and research gaps","volume":"130","author":"Lackner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cardarelli, E., Sabattini, L., Secchi, C., and Fantuzzi, C. (October, January 28). Cloud robotics paradigm for enhanced navigation of autonomous vehicles in real world industrial applications. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), Hamburg, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2015.7354019"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarker, A., Amin, S.A., Tamzid, S.M.T.H., and Chisty, N.A. (2017, January 21\u201323). Design and implementation of a forklift with dynamic stability. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Region 10 Humanitarian Technology Conference (R10-HTC), Dhaka, Bangladesh.","DOI":"10.1109\/R10-HTC.2017.8289045"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasahara, M., and Mori, Y. (2017, January 19\u201322). Relation between overturn and the center of gravity of a forklift truck. Proceedings of the 2017 56th Annual Conference of the Society of Instrument and Control Engineers of Japan (SICE), Kanazawa, Japan.","DOI":"10.23919\/SICE.2017.8105471"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stankiewicz, P., Brown, A., and Brennan, S. (2014, January 4\u20136). Open-loop vehicle collision avoidance and rollover prevention using previewed Zero-Moment Point. Proceedings of the 2014 American Control Conference, Portland, OR, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACC.2014.6859141"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammadi, A., Mareels, I., and Oetomo, D. (2016, January 13\u201315). Model predictive motion control of autonomous forklift vehicles with dynamics balance constraint. Proceedings of the 2016 14th International Conference on Control, Automation, Robotics and Vision (ICARCV), Phuket, Thailand.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICARCV.2016.7838833"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Imani, M.R., Nasyir Tamara, M., Pramujati, B., Nurahmi, L., Maulana, H.S., Aldinola Faranka, M., Azzuri, M.S., and Hadi Wijaya, C. (2024, January 6\u20138). Dynamic Analysis of Forklift AGV based on Center of Gravity. Proceedings of the 2024 International Electronics Symposium (IES), Denpasar, Indonesia.","DOI":"10.1109\/IES63037.2024.10665882"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, G., Wang, X., Yang, J., and Wang, B. (2015, January 6\u20139). A new method to design fuzzy controller for unmanned autonomous forklift. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics (ROBIO), Zhuhai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBIO.2015.7418893"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Xiang, Z., Liu, J., Zhang, D., and Wu, S. (2024, January 15\u201317). Path Tracking Method of Forklift AGV Based on Fuzzy Adaptive PID. Proceedings of the 2024 4th International Conference on Industrial Automation, Robotics and Control Engineering (IARCE), Chengdu, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IARCE64300.2024.00032"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Sun, K., Zhang, W., and Jin, X. (2024). A Velocity-Adaptive MPC-Based Path Tracking Method for Heavy-Duty Forklift AGVs. Machines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/machines12080558"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Ma, Z., Zhang, G., Li, H., and Peng, K. (2023, January 24\u201326). Improved Automatic Forklift Path Tracking Control of MPC Based on Chunked Matrix. Proceedings of the 2023 42nd Chinese Control Conference (CCC), Tianjin, China.","DOI":"10.23919\/CCC58697.2023.10240904"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weckx, S., Vandewal, B., Rademakers, E., Janssen, K., Geebelen, K., Wan, J., De Geest, R., Perik, H., Gillis, J., and Swevers, J. (November, January 19). Open Experimental AGV Platform for Dynamic Obstacle Avoidance in Narrow Corridors. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV), Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IV47402.2020.9304749"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Zhu, X., and Wang, Y. (2024, January 26\u201328). Research on Trajectory Tracking Control of Forklift-Type AGV Based on Fuzzy MPC. Proceedings of the 2024 3rd International Conference on Service Robotics (ICoSR), Hangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICoSR63848.2024.00045"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ilangasinghe, D., and Parnichkun, M. (2019, January 16\u201318). Navigation Control of an Automatic Guided Forklift. Proceedings of the 2019 First International Symposium on Instrumentation, Control, Artificial Intelligence, and Robotics (ICA-SYMP), Bangkok, Thailand.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICA-SYMP.2019.8646051"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8582","DOI":"10.3182\/20080706-5-KR-1001.01451","article-title":"Time-Varying Feedback Control of an Unmanned Autonomous Industrial Forklift","volume":"41","author":"Tamba","year":"2008","journal-title":"IFAC Proc. Vol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tu, K.Y., Hung, C.P., Lin, H.Y., and Lin, K.Y. (2025). Simulation and Implementation of the Modeling of Forklift with Tricycle in Warehouse Systems for ROS. Sensors, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/s25165206"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ardi, H., Rusmin, P.H., and Abrari, M.G. (2025, January 21\u201321). Circular Arc Based Path Smoothing for Precise Forklift Navigation and Orientation Alignment. Proceedings of the 2025 International Conference on Computer Sciences, Engineering, and Technology Innovation (ICoCSETI), Jakarta, Indonesia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICoCSETI63724.2025.11019470"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, Z., Li, N., Hou, C., Xiao, Y., Liu, Z., Zhang, Y., Li, H., and Qin, C. (2025, January 21\u201323). Customized Flat Paper Pallet Picking Path Planning of Intelligent Forklift Based on GPOPS. Proceedings of the 2025 8th International Conference on Advanced Algorithms and Control Engineering (ICAACE), Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAACE65325.2025.11019968"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1051\/ijmqe\/2020018","article-title":"Research on steering control performance of electric forklift with steer by wire","volume":"12","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Metrol. Qual. Eng."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Xiao, B., Jiang, Z., and He, Y. (2017, January 26\u201328). Optimal control of three-wheel steering forklift with steer-by-wire. Proceedings of the 2017 36th Chinese Control Conference (CCC), Dalian, China.","DOI":"10.23919\/ChiCC.2017.8028097"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, C., Wang, Z., and Ren, Q. (2023, January 18\u201322). Quasi-Time-Optimal Model Predictive Control Technology for Autonomous Pallet Picking. Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE 18th Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA), Ningbo, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIEA58696.2023.10241520"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Q., Wang, H., Liang, H., Lu, X., Zhang, H., Zhang, Z., and Li, X. (2022, January 25\u201327). Research on Dynamic Trajectory Planning Algorithm for Safe Obstacle Avoidance of Automatic Forklift. Proceedings of the 2022 41st Chinese Control Conference (CCC), Hefei, China.","DOI":"10.23919\/CCC55666.2022.9902243"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, E.J., Choi, J.Y., Hong, S.H., and Chung, G. (2016, January 19\u201322). Localization for an unmanned forklift in a refrigerated warehouse. Proceedings of the 2016 13th International Conference on Ubiquitous Robots and Ambient Intelligence (URAI), Xian, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/URAI.2016.7734019"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11765","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2023.3252405","article-title":"RF-SLAM: UHF-RFID Based Simultaneous Tags Mapping and Robot Localization Algorithm for Smart Warehouse Position Service","volume":"19","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, E., and Ma, R. (2017, January 25\u201326). The UWB based forklift trucks indoor positioning and safety management system. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 2nd Advanced Information Technology, Electronic and Automation Control Conference (IAEAC), Chongqing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IAEAC.2017.8053982"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Behrje, U., Himstedt, M., and Maehle, E. (2018, January 18\u201321). An Autonomous Forklift with 3D Time-of-Flight Camera-Based Localization and Navigation. Proceedings of the 2018 15th International Conference on Control, Automation, Robotics and Vision (ICARCV), Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICARCV.2018.8581085"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, J.H., Bae, S.H., An, Y.C., and Kuc, T.Y. (2023, January 17\u201320). Development of an Advanced Navigation System for Autonomous Mobile Robots for Logistics Environments. Proceedings of the 2023 23rd International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems (ICCAS), Yeosu, Republic of Korea.","DOI":"10.23919\/ICCAS59377.2023.10316962"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zuhairi, M.F., Jikaraji, A., Dao, H., and Sulong, A. (2024, January 7\u20138). Analysis of an Indoor Positioning System for Forklifts Using WiFi Fingerprinting. Proceedings of the 2024 International Visualization, Informatics and Technology Conference (IVIT), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/IVIT62102.2024.10692721"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mikov, A., Moschevikin, A., and Voronov, R. (2020, January 25\u201327). Vehicle Dead-Reckoning Autonomous Algorithm Based on Turn Velocity Updates in Kalman Filter. Proceedings of the 2020 27th Saint Petersburg International Conference on Integrated Navigation Systems (ICINS), Saint Petersburg, Russia.","DOI":"10.23919\/ICINS43215.2020.9133748"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kourogi, M., Ichikari, R., Miura, T., Ogiso, S., and Okuma, T. (2023, January 24\u201327). Vibration-Based Dead-Reckoning for Vehicle Localization. Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE\/ION Position, Location and Navigation Symposium (PLANS), Monterey, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/PLANS53410.2023.10139992"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2016.10.018","article-title":"Semi-automated map creation for fast deployment of AGV fleets in modern logistics","volume":"87","author":"Beinschob","year":"2017","journal-title":"Robot. Auton. Syst."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vasiljevic, G., Petric, F., and Kovacic, Z. (2014, January 16\u201319). Multi-layer mapping-based autonomous forklift localization in an industrial environment. Proceedings of the 22nd Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation, Palermo, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/MED.2014.6961527"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"1","article-title":"High-accuracy vehicle localization for autonomous warehousing","volume":"42","author":"Draganjac","year":"2016","journal-title":"Robot. -Comput.-Integr. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, W., Lu, Z., Weng, J., Huang, Z., Li, Y., Xu, S., Zhou, X., Zhong, S., Zhu, B., and Mao, F. (2024, January 8\u201311). Localization Performance of an Autonomous Forklift in a Warehouse Environment. Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE International Conference on Cybernetics and Intelligent Systems (CIS) and IEEE International Conference on Robotics, Automation and Mechatronics (RAM), Hangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CIS-RAM61939.2024.10673324"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, W., Song, Q., Li, M., and Zhu, Y. (2024, January 1\u20133). Unmanned Forklift Path Planning Method Based on Improved Hybrid A* Algorithm. Proceedings of the 2024 China Automation Congress (CAC), Qingdao, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CAC63892.2024.10864783"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacsc.2025.100316","article-title":"Minimum-time-trajectory planning in cluttered environment via highly accurate discrete-time modeling for wheeled mobile systems","volume":"32","author":"Iwanaga","year":"2025","journal-title":"IFAC J. Syst. Control"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2018.07.056","article-title":"Development of collision free path planning algorithm for warehouse mobile robot","volume":"133","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Signifredi, A., Luca, B., Coati, A., Medina, J.S., and Molinari, D. (2015, January 15\u201318). A General Purpose Approach for Global and Local Path Planning Combination. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 18th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Gran Canaria, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2015.166"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, X., Zhang, N., Fan, K., Zhong, X., and Wu, Q. (2022, January 14\u201316). Improved A* Method for High Efficiency Forklift Path Planning. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE International Conference on e-Business Engineering (ICEBE), Bournemouth, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEBE55470.2022.00032"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, J., Li, Z., Guo, S., and Yao, W. (2024, January 18\u201320). A Hierarchical Graph Search Method for Path Planning of Unmanned Ground Vehicle for Freight Transportation. Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE International Conference on Unmanned Systems (ICUS), Nanjing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUS61736.2024.10839913"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ballamajalu, R., Li, M., Sahin, F., Hochgraf, C., Ptucha, R., and Kuhl, M.E. (2020, January 20\u201321). Turn and orientation Sensitive A* for Autonomous Vehicles in Intelligent Material Handling Systems. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE 16th International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering (CASE), Hong Kong, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CASE48305.2020.9216869"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, X., Li, M., Zong, J., and Guo, Y. (2025, January 21\u201323). Safe Path Planning in Unmanned Warehousing Scenarios. Proceedings of the 2025 4th International Symposium on Computer Applications and Information Technology (ISCAIT), Xi\u2019an, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAIT64916.2025.11010762"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yumang, A., Magwili, G., Ruben, P.C., Sy, M.L.M., and Siapoc, D.R.P. (2020, January 3\u20137). Route Optimization for Multiple Forklifts Using D* Lite Algorithm. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE 12th International Conference on Humanoid, Nanotechnology, Information Technology, Communication and Control, Environment, and Management (HNICEM), Manila, Philippines.","DOI":"10.1109\/HNICEM51456.2020.9400047"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2023.10.578","article-title":"Warehouse Path Planning Using Low-order B\u00e9zier Curves with Minimum-Time Optimization*","volume":"56","author":"Loknar","year":"2023","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rogachev, G., Patkin, M., and Rogachev, N. (2018, January 3\u20134). Fuzzy Optimization in the Problem of Forklifts Path Planning. Proceedings of the 2018 International Multi-Conference on Industrial Engineering and Modern Technologies (FarEastCon), Vladivostok, Russia.","DOI":"10.1109\/FarEastCon.2018.8602862"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhat, A., Kai, N., Suzuki, T., Shiroshima, T., and Yoshida, H. (2022, January 1\u20133). Safe, efficient waypoint manipulation for path planning of non-holonomic robots. Proceedings of the 2022 27th International Conference on Automation and Computing (ICAC), Bristol, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAC55051.2022.9911160"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lucet, E., Lucazeau, A., and Chemin, J. (2024, January 18\u201320). Autonomous Forklift Navigation Inside a Cluttered Logistics Factory. Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Informatics in Control, Automation and Robotics, Porto, Portugal.","DOI":"10.5220\/0013067600003822"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammadpour, M., and Kelouwani, S. (March, January 28). Energy-Optimal Trajectory Planning with Vehicle\u2019s Dynamic Model Considerations. Proceedings of the 2025 IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics (ICM), Wollongong, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICM62621.2025.10934924"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vorasawad, K., Park, M., and Kim, C. (2023). Efficient Navigation and Motion Control for Autonomous Forklifts in Smart Warehouses: LSPB Trajectory Planning and MPC Implementation. Machines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/machines11121050"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raineri, M., Perri, S., and Lo Bianco, C.G. (2017, January 24\u201328). Online velocity planner for Laser Guided Vehicles subject to safety constraints. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2017.8206519"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16637","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2968372","article-title":"The Influence of Cargo Moving and Sliding Mode Control Strategy for Forklift","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, L., Song, K., and Xie, H. (2020, January 18\u201320). Active Disturbance Rejection Path-following Control for Self- driving Forklift Trucks with Geometry based Feedforward. Proceedings of the 2020 4th CAA International Conference on Vehicular Control and Intelligence (CVCI), Hangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVCI51460.2020.9338471"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kokot, M., Mikli\u0107, D., and Petrovi\u0107, T. (2022, January 23\u201327). A unified MPC design approach for AGV path following. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), Kyoto, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS47612.2022.9981575"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sauer, T., Spielmann, L., Gorks, M., Zindler, K., and Jumar, U. (2023, January 3\u20136). Model Predictive Control of Industrial Trucks with AI-based Plant Model Selection. Proceedings of the 2023 9th International Conference on Control, Decision and Information Technologies (CoDIT), Rome, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/CoDIT58514.2023.10284427"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Molter, B., and Fottner, J. (August, January 31). Real-time Pallet Localization with 3D Camera Technology for Forklifts in Logistic Environments. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Service Operations and Logistics, and Informatics (SOLI), Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/SOLI.2018.8476740"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rocha, E.D.S., Chevtchenko, S.F., Cambuim, L.F.S., and Macieira, R.M. (2023, January 26\u201328). Optimized Pallet Localization Using RGB-D Camera and Deep Learning Models. Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE 19th International Conference on Intelligent Computer Communication and Processing (ICCP), Cluj-Napoca, Romania.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCP60212.2023.10398722"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lv, S., Wang, S., and Liu, J. (2023, January 22\u201324). RGB-Image-Based Forklift Pallet Recognition and Localization. Proceedings of the 2023 6th International Conference on Software Engineering and Computer Science (CSECS), Chengdu, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CSECS60003.2023.10428300"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beleznai, C., Zeilinger, M., Huemer, J., Pointner, W., Wimmer, S., and Zips, P. (2023, January 5\u20136). Automated pallet handling via occlusion-robust recognition learned from synthetic data*. Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE Conference on Artificial Intelligence (CAI), Santa Clara, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CAI54212.2023.00039"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aref, M.M., Ghabcheloo, R., and Mattila, J. (June, January 31). A macro-micro controller for pallet picking by an articulated-frame-steering hydraulic mobile machine. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), Hong Kong, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2014.6907865"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Irawan, A., Yaacob, M.A., Azman, F.A., Daud, M.R., Razali, A.R., and Sheikh Ali, S.N. (2018, January 27\u201328). Vision-based Alignment Control for Mini Forklift System in Confine Area Operation. Proceedings of the 2018 International Symposium on Agent, Multi-Agent Systems and Robotics (ISAMSR), Putrajaya, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISAMSR.2018.8540552"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kita, N., and Kato, T. (2022, January 11\u201313). Image Measurement Method for Automatic Insertion of Forks into Inclined Pallet. Proceedings of the 2022 17th International Conference on Control, Automation, Robotics and Vision (ICARCV), Singapore, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICARCV57592.2022.10004283"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, L., Liu, Y.H., Fang, M., Zheng, Z., and Tang, H. (2015, January 24\u201328). Vision-based intelligent forklift Automatic Guided Vehicle (AGV). Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering (CASE), Gothenburg, Sweden.","DOI":"10.1109\/CoASE.2015.7294072"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hadwiger, S., Kube, D., Lavrik, V., and Meisen, T. (September, January 28). Towards Precision in Motion: Investigating the Influences of Curriculum Learning based on a Multi-Purpose Performance Metric for Vision-Based Forklift Navigation. Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE 20th International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering (CASE), Bari, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/CASE59546.2024.10711452"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, G., Peng, R., Wang, Z., and Zhao, W. (2012, January 21\u201323). Pallet Recognition and Localization Method for Vision Guided Forklift. Proceedings of the 2012 8th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing, Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/WiCOM.2012.6478603"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, F., Tao, Z., and Wang, F. (2021, January 16\u201318). Pallet Detection Based on Halcon and AlexNet Network for Autonomous Forklifts. Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Internet, Education and Information Technology (IEIT), Suzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEIT53597.2021.00025"},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Cui, G.z., Lu, L.s., He, Z.d., Yao, L.n., Yang, C.x., Huang, B.y., and Hu, Z.h. (2010, January 6\u20137). A robust autonomous mobile forklift pallet recognition. Proceedings of the 2010 2nd International Asia Conference on Informatics in Control, Automation and Robotics (CAR 2010), Wuhan, China."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37624","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3538045","article-title":"Pallet Pose Estimation Based on Front Face Shot","volume":"13","author":"Kai","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.3182\/20090603-3-RU-2001.0540","article-title":"Pallet Pose Estimation with LIDAR and Vision for Autonomous Forklifts","volume":"42","author":"Bellomo","year":"2009","journal-title":"IFAC Proc. Vol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raharja, K.A.W., and Rusmin, P.H. (2023, January 10\u201311). Detection and Measurement of Object Distances Using the Combination Function of 2D LiDAR Sensor and Camera. Proceedings of the 2023 International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Informatics (ICEEI), Bandung, Indonesia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEEI59426.2023.10346670"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, D., Han, J., Shao, J., and Zhao, C. (2024, January 1\u20133). Pallet Detection and Localization Based on RGB Image and Point Cloud Data for Automated Forklift. Proceedings of the 2024 7th International Conference on Advanced Algorithms and Control Engineering (ICAACE), Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAACE61206.2024.10549199"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y.Y., Chen, X.H., Ding, G.Y., Wang, S., Xu, W.C., Sun, B.B., and Song, Q. (2021, January 15\u201317). Pallet detection and localization with RGB image and depth data using deep learning techniques. Proceedings of the 2021 6th International Conference on Automation, Control and Robotics Engineering (CACRE), Dalian, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CACRE52464.2021.9501390"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walter, M.R., Karaman, S., Frazzoli, E., and Teller, S. (2010, January 18\u201322). Closed-loop pallet manipulation in unstructured environments. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Taipei, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2010.5652377"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aswad, M.F., Rusmin, P.H., and Fatimah, R.N. (2023, January 26\u201327). Marker-based Detection and Pose Estimation of Custom Pallet using Camera and Laser Rangefinder. Proceedings of the 2023 International Seminar on Intelligent Technology and Its Applications (ISITIA), Surabaya, Indonesia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISITIA59021.2023.10221123"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kesuma, E.S., Rusmin, P.H., and Maharani, D.A. (2023, January 20-23). Pallet Detection and Distance Estimation with YOLO and Fiducial Marker Algorithm in Industrial Forklift Robot. Proceedings of the 2023 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Information and Communication (ICAIIC), Bali, Indonesia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAIIC57133.2023.10066999"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iinuma, R., Hori, Y., Onoyama, H., Fukao, T., and Kubo, Y. (2021, January 8\u201311). Pallet Detection and Estimation for Fork Insertion with RGB-D Camera. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation (ICMA), Takamatsu, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMA52036.2021.9512641"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Cui, B., Wen, X., Jiang, Y., Gao, C., and Tian, Y. (2023, January 17\u201319). Pallet Detection and Estimation with RGB-D Salient Feature Learning. Proceedings of the 2023 China Automation Congress (CAC), Chongqing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CAC59555.2023.10451178"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, J., Song, H., Li, C., and Zhu, S. (2024, January 26\u201328). Research on the Method of Universal Forklift Pallet Detection and Pose Estimation Based on Visual and 3D Point Cloud Fusion. Proceedings of the 2024 5th International Conference on Mechatronics Technology and Intelligent Manufacturing (ICMTIM), Nanjing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMTIM62047.2024.10629322"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manurung, P., Rusmin, P.H., and Yusuf, R. (2022, January 8\u20139). Custom Pallet Detection Using YOLOv5 Deep Learning Architecture. Proceedings of the 2022 International Symposium on Electronics and Smart Devices (ISESD), Bandung, Indonesia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISESD56103.2022.9980635"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Latini, I.P., Barioni, W.E., Teixeira, M., Neves, F., and Arruda, L.V.R.D. (2023, January 9\u201311). A CNN pallet detection model for an autonomous forklift. Proceedings of the 2023 Latin American Robotics Symposium (LARS), 2023 Brazilian Symposium on Robotics (SBR), and 2023 Workshop on Robotics in Education (WRE), Salvador, Brazil.","DOI":"10.1109\/LARS\/SBR\/WRE59448.2023.10333062"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhat, A., Kai, N., Suzuki, T., Shiroshima, T., and Yoshida, H. (2024, January 14\u201316). Fake Obstacle Generation-based Pallet Alignment for Forklifts. Proceedings of the 2024 16th International Conference on Computer and Automation Engineering (ICCAE), Melbourne, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCAE59995.2024.10569669"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kato, T., and Morisawa, M. (2024, January 8\u201311). ICP-Based Pallet Tracking for Unloading on Inclined Surfaces by Autonomous Forklifts. Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE\/SICE International Symposium on System Integration (SII), Ha Long, Vietnam.","DOI":"10.1109\/SII58957.2024.10417639"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Molter, B., and Fottner, J. (2019, January 27\u201330). Semi-Automatic Pallet Pick-up as an Advanced Driver Assistance System for Forklifts. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC), Auckland, New Zealand.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2019.8917189"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, P., Ding, W., Lian, M., and Chen, H. (2023, January 7\u20139). Localization of Pallets in Narrow Aisles for Unmanned Forklifts. Proceedings of the 2023 3rd International Symposium on Computer Technology and Information Science (ISCTIS), Chengdu, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCTIS58954.2023.10212995"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keser, A., and Ekim, P.O. (2024, January 16\u201318). Otonom Forklift ile Palet Tespiti ve Hassas Yana\u015fma Pallet Detection and Docking with Autonomous Forklift. Proceedings of the 2024 Innovations in Intelligent Systems and Applications Conference (ASYU), Ankara, Turkiye.","DOI":"10.1109\/ASYU62119.2024.10756973"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varga, R., Costea, A., and Nedevschi, S. (2015, January 3\u20135). Improved autonomous load handling with stereo cameras. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Computer Communication and Processing (ICCP), Cluj-Napoca, Romania.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCP.2015.7312639"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chowdhary, R.R., and Chattopadhyay, M.K. (2021, January 19\u201321). Orchestration of Automated Guided Mobile Robots for Transportation Task in a Warehouse like Environment. Proceedings of the 2021 Emerging Trends in Industry 4.0 (ETI 4.0), Raigarh, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ETI4.051663.2021.9619354"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Li, Y., and Liu, L. (2019, January 6\u20138). A Coordinated Path Planning Algorithm for Multi-Robot in Intelligent Warehouse. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics (ROBIO), Dali, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBIO49542.2019.8961586"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bolu, A., and Korcak, O. (2019, January 6\u20138). Path Planning for Multiple Mobile Robots in Smart Warehouse. Proceedings of the 2019 7th International Conference on Control, Mechatronics and Automation (ICCMA), Delft, Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCMA46720.2019.8988635"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, M., Yan, X., and Luo, Q. (2020, January 16\u201318). Dynamic path planning for multi-handling robots in warehousing system. Proceedings of the 2020 Global Reliability and Prognostics and Health Management (PHM-Shanghai), Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/PHM-Shanghai49105.2020.9280945"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurnianto, H., and Rusmin, P.H. (2022, January 8\u20139). Task Allocation and Path Planning Method For Multi-Autonomous Forklift Navigation. Proceedings of the 2022 5th International Seminar on Research of Information Technology and Intelligent Systems (ISRITI), Yogyakarta, Indonesia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISRITI56927.2022.10053045"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, F., Lu, Y., Fang, M., and Li, L. (2023, January 17\u201320). Conflict Model and Time Window Based Multi AGF Path Finding and Coordination. Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE International Conference on Real-time Computing and Robotics (RCAR), Datong, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/RCAR58764.2023.10250094"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, T., Li, H., Fang, Y., Luo, M., and Cao, K. (2023). Joint Dispatching and Cooperative Trajectory Planning for Multiple Autonomous Forklifts in a Warehouse: A Search-and-Learning-Based Approach. Electronics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12183820"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27346","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3058190","article-title":"Adaptive Task Planning for Multi-Robot Smart Warehouse","volume":"9","author":"Bolu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giglio, D. (2014, January 16\u201319). Task scheduling for multiple forklift AGVs in distribution warehouses. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Emerging Technology and Factory Automation (ETFA), Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/ETFA.2014.7005360"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lipiec, B., Mrugalski, M., and Witczak, M. (2021, January 11\u201314). Health-aware fault-tolerant control of multiple cooperating autonoumous vehicles. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems (FUZZ-IEEE), Luxembourg, Luxembourg.","DOI":"10.1109\/FUZZ45933.2021.9494570"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Witczak, M., Lipiec, B., Mrugalski, M., Seybold, L., and Banaszak, Z. (2020, January 19\u201324). Fuzzy modelling and robust fault-tolerant scheduling of cooperating forklifts. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems (FUZZ-IEEE), Glasgow, United Kingdom.","DOI":"10.1109\/FUZZ48607.2020.9177782"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, K., Pan, Y., and Gu, J. (2024, January 25\u201327). Rollover Prevention Control of Heavy Vehicles Based on Control Barrier Functions. Proceedings of the 2024 8th CAA International Conference on Vehicular Control and Intelligence (CVCI), Chongqing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVCI63518.2024.10830108"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, J., Zhang, B., and Sreenath, K. (2021, January 25\u201328). Safety-Critical Model Predictive Control with Discrete-Time Control Barrier Function. Proceedings of the 2021 American Control Conference (ACC), New Orleans, LA, USA.","DOI":"10.23919\/ACC50511.2021.9483029"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Y., Liu, L., Peng, Z., Wang, D., Wang, H., and Wang, A. (2022, January 27\u201330). Safe Motion Planning for Goal Reaching of Multiple Autonomous Surface Vehicles Based on High-order Control Barrier Functions. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE 17th International Conference on Control & Automation (ICCA), Naples, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCA54724.2022.9831912"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1109\/TCST.2024.3461173","article-title":"Safe Control Architecture via Model Predictive Control","volume":"33","author":"Nezami","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muhammad, N., Hedenberg, K., and Astrand, B. (2021, January 7\u201310). Adaptive warning fields for warehouse AGVs. Proceedings of the 2021 26th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA ), Vasteras, Sweden.","DOI":"10.1109\/ETFA45728.2021.9613565"},{"key":"ref_115","unstructured":"Gurumoorthy K, B., Karthikeyan, A., Jeromesurya, T., and Sunmathi J, S. (2025, January 9\u201310). An Adaptive LoRa based Forklift Tracking and Collision Avoidance System for Smart Warehouses. Proceedings of the 2025 Fourth International Conference on Smart Technologies, Communication and Robotics (STCR), Sathyamangalam, India."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86509","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3302909","article-title":"GBForkDet: A Lightweight Object Detector for Forklift Safety Driving","volume":"11","author":"Ye","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2024.102731","article-title":"Dynamic and probabilistic safety zones for autonomous mobile robots operating near humans","volume":"23","author":"Saffre","year":"2024","journal-title":"Results Eng."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Omer, K., and Monteri\u00fa, A. (2023, January 10\u201312). An Effective Method for Creating Virtual Doors and Borders to Prevent Autonomous Mobile Robots from Entering Restricted Areas. Proceedings of the 2023 9th International Conference on Automation, Robotics and Applications (ICARA), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICARA56516.2023.10125943"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasahara, M., and Mori, Y. (2015, January 28\u201330). The proposal of the forklift fall accidents prevention method using sliding mode control. Proceedings of the 2015 54th Annual Conference of the Society of Instrument and Control Engineers of Japan (SICE), Hangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/SICE.2015.7285354"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hutauruk, A.R., Rohman, A.S., and Rusmin, P.H. (2023, January 2). Rollover Stability Control of Autonomous Forklift Using Optimal Control Approach. Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE 13th International Conference on System Engineering and Technology (ICSET), Shah Alam, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSET59111.2023.10295070"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rey, R., Corzetto, M., Cobano, J.A., Merino, L., and Caballero, F. (2019, January 10\u201313). Human-robot co-working system for warehouse automation. Proceedings of the 2019 24th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA), Zaragoza, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/ETFA.2019.8869178"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17109","DOI":"10.1109\/TASE.2025.3582522","article-title":"Shared Control With Obstacle Avoidance for UGVs","volume":"22","author":"Beck","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trigo, A.M., Machado, T., Malheiro, T., Louro, L., Fonseca, A., Monteiro, S., and Bicho, E. (2021, January 20\u201323). Autonomous Vehicles on the Factory Floor: An Approach to Safety. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE 30th International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE), Kyoto, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISIE45552.2021.9576211"},{"key":"ref_124","unstructured":"(2015). Safety of machinery\u2014Safety-related parts of control systems\u2014Part 1: General principles for design (Standard No. ISO 13849-1:2015)."}],"container-title":["Robotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-6581\/15\/2\/30\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T05:13:31Z","timestamp":1770182011000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-6581\/15\/2\/30"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"references-count":124,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["robotics15020030"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/robotics15020030","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-6581"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-6581","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]}}}