{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:44:11Z","timestamp":1760197451721,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,8]],"date-time":"2018-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1528416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006754","name":"Army Research Laboratory","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W911NF-15-1-0024","W911NF-15-1-0455","W911NF-16-1-0473"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W911NF-15-1-0024","W911NF-15-1-0455","W911NF-16-1-0473"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006754","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNX15AU31H"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX15AU31H"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Robotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work investigates an over-arching question: how can an immersive virtual environment be connected with its intelligent physical counterpart to allow for a more efficient man-machine collaboration. To this end, an immersive user interface for the purpose of robot tele-operation is designed. A large amount of sensory data is utilized to build models of the world and its inhabitants in a way that is intuitive to the operator and accurately represents the robot\u2019s real-world state and environment. The game client is capable of handling multiple users, much like a traditional multiplayer game, while visualizing multiple robotic agents operating within the real world. The proposed Virtual Environment for Tele-Operation (VETO) architecture is a tele-operation system that provides a feature-rich framework to implement robotic agents into an immersive end-user game interface. Game levels are generated dynamically on a Graphic Processing Unit or GPU-accelerated server based on real-world sensor data from the robotic agents. A set of user studies are conducted to validate the performance of the proposed architecture compared to traditional tele-robotic applications. The experimental results show significant improvements in both task completion time and task completion rate over traditional tools.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/robotics7020026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,8]],"date-time":"2018-06-08T11:19:31Z","timestamp":1528456771000},"page":"26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["VETO: An Immersive Virtual Environment for Tele-Operation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Brandon","family":"Wilson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Houston-Victoria, Victoria, TX 77901, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Bounds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Houston-Victoria, Victoria, TX 77901, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"McFadden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Houston-Victoria, Victoria, TX 77901, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jace","family":"Regenbrecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Houston-Victoria, Victoria, TX 77901, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Loveth","family":"Ohenhen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Houston-Victoria, Victoria, TX 77901, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9460-1269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alireza","family":"Tavakkoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Houston-Victoria, Victoria, TX 77901, USA"},{"name":"Computer Science and Engineering Department, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donald","family":"Loffredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Houston-Victoria, Victoria, TX 77901, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCC.2007.905819","article-title":"Human performance issues and user interface design for teleoperated robots","volume":"37","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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