{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T06:45:20Z","timestamp":1778827520351,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,23]],"date-time":"2020-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015KB-L78T"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015KB-L78T"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010665","name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["703489"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["703489"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Robotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Research and development in socially assistive robotics have produced several novel applications in the care of senior people. However, some are still unexplored such as their use as psychometric tools allowing for a quick and dependable evaluation of human users\u2019 intellectual capacity. To fully exploit the application of a social robot as a psychometric tool, it is necessary to account for the users\u2019 factors that might influence the interaction with a robot and the evaluation of user cognitive performance. To this end, we invited senior participants to use a prototype of a robot-led cognitive test and analyzed the influence of personality traits and user\u2019s empathy on the cognitive performance and technology acceptance. Results show a positive influence of a personality trait, the \u201copenness to experience\u201d, on the human-robot interaction, and that other factors, such as anxiety, trust, and intention to use, are influencing technology acceptance and correlate the evaluation by psychometric tests.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/robotics9020039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,25]],"date-time":"2020-05-25T06:43:40Z","timestamp":1590389020000},"page":"39","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["The Role of Personality Factors and Empathy in the Acceptance and Performance of a Social Robot for Psychometric Evaluations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3379-1756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Rossi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5308-7961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Conti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Business, Technology and Engineering, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Garramone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, 81100 Caserta, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Santangelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, 81100 Caserta, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7656-8370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariacarla","family":"Staffa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics E. Pancini, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1273-8419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Varrasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Business, Technology and Engineering, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2677-2650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Di Nuovo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Business, Technology and Engineering, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-016-0350-2","article-title":"New Frontiers of Service Robotics for Active and Healthy Ageing","volume":"8","author":"Broz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Robot."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"43","article-title":"State of the Art: A Study of Human-Robot Interaction in Healthcare","volume":"9","author":"Olaronke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Eng. Electron. Bus."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e264","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.9460","article-title":"Robotic services acceptance in smart environments with older adults: User satisfaction and acceptability study","volume":"20","author":"Cavallo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petric, F., and Kovaci\u0107, Z. (2018, January 5\u20138). No Data?: No Problem! Expert System Approach to Designing a POMDP Framework for Robot-assisted ASD Diagnostics. Proceedings of the Companion of the 2018 ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction, Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3173386.3177026"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boumans, R., van Meulen, F., Hindriks, K., Neerincx, M., and Olde Rikkert, M. (2018, January 5\u20138). Proof of Concept of a Social Robot for Patient Reported Outcome Measurements in Elderly Persons. Proceedings of the Companion of the 2018 ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction, Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3173386.3177013"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feingold Polak, R., Elishay, A., Shachar, Y., Stein, M., Edan, Y., and Levy Tzedek, S. (2018, January 5\u20138). Differences Between Young and Old Users when Interacting with a Humanoid Robot: A Qualitative Usability Study. Proceedings of the Companion of the 2018 ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction, Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3173386.3177046"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Staffa, M., and Rossi, S. (2016, January 1\u20133). Recommender Interfaces: The More Human-Like, the More Humans Like. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Social Robotics, ICSR, Kansas City, MO, USA.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-47437-3_20"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maggi, G., Dell\u2019Aquila, E., Cucciniello, I., and Rossi, S. (2020, January 23\u201326). Cheating with a Socially Assistive Robot? A Matter of Personality. Proceedings of the Companion of the 2020 ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction, Cambridge, UK.","DOI":"10.1145\/3371382.3378334"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matari\u0107, M. (2014, January 3\u20136). Socially Assistive Robotics: Human-robot Interaction Methods for Creating Robots That Care. Proceedings of the 2014 ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction, Bielefeld, Germany.","DOI":"10.1145\/2559636.2560043"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1007\/s42235-019-0043-2","article-title":"Assessment of Cognitive skills via Human-robot Interaction and Cloud Computing","volume":"16","author":"Varrasi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Bionic Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varrasi, S., Lucas, A., Soranzo, A., Mcnamara, J., and Di Nuovo, A. (2019). IBM Cloud Services enhance automatic cognitive assessment via human-robot interaction. New Trends in Medical and Service Robotics\u2014Advances in Theory and Practice; Mechanisms and Machine Science, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-00329-6_20"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossi, S., Santangelo, G., Staffa, M., Varrasi, S., Conti, D., and Di Nuovo, A. (2018, January 27\u201331). Psychometric Evaluation Supported by a Social Robot: Personality Factors and Technology Acceptance. Proceedings of the 2018 27th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), Nanjing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2018.8525838"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Nuovo, A., Varrasi, S., Conti, D., Bamsforth, J., Lucas, A., Soranzo, A., and McNamara, J. (2019, January 11\u201314). Usability Evaluation of a Robotic System for Cognitive Testing. Proceedings of the 2019 14th ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), Daegu, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/HRI.2019.8673187"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.2307\/3250951","article-title":"Time Flies When You\u2019re Having Fun: Cognitive Absorption and Beliefs about Information Technology Usage","volume":"24","author":"Agarwal","year":"2000","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossi, S., Staffa, M., Bove, L., Capasso, R., and Ercolano, G. (2017, January 22\u201324). User\u2019s Personality and Activity Influence on HRI Comfortable Distances. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Social Robotics, ICSR, Tsukuba, Japan.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-70022-9_17"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1610","article-title":"The Addenbrooke\u2019s Cognitive Examination Revised (ACE-R): A brief cognitive test battery for dementia screening","volume":"21","author":"Mioshi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa8403_05","article-title":"The NEO-PI-3: A More Readable Revised NEO Personality Inventory","volume":"84","author":"McCrae","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Personal. Assess."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JADD.0000022607.19833.00","article-title":"The Empathy Quotient: An Investigation of Adults with Asperger Syndrome or High Functioning Autism, and Normal Sex Differences","volume":"34","author":"Wheelwright","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1080\/713756761","article-title":"Is There a \u201cLanguage of the Eyes\u201d? Evidence from Normal Adults, and Adults with Autism or Asperger Syndrome","volume":"4","author":"Wheelwright","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vis. Cogn."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1075\/is.18024.con","article-title":"\u201cRobot, tell me a tale!\u201d: A Social Robot as tool for Teachers in Kindergarten","volume":"21","author":"Conti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Interact. Stud."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2014.07.001","article-title":"Integrating socially assistive robotics into mental healthcare interventions: Applications and recommendations for expanded use","volume":"35","author":"Rabbitt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2007.03.008","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment","volume":"25","author":"Kelley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-016-0359-6","article-title":"Robots in education and care of children with developmental disabilities: A study on acceptance by experienced and future professionals","volume":"9","author":"Conti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Robot."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/07370024.2017.1312406","article-title":"Why would I use this in my home? A model of domestic social robot acceptance","volume":"34","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varrasi, S., Di Nuovo, S., Conti, D., and Di Nuovo, A. (2018, January 5\u20138). A Social Robot for Cognitive Assessment. Proceedings of the Companion of the 2018 ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction, Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3173386.3176995"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varrasi, S., Di Nuovo, S., Conti, D., and Di Nuovo, A. (2017, January 6\u20137). Social Robots as Psychometric Tools for Cognitive Assessment: A pilot test. Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop in Human-Friendly Robotics, Napoli, Italy.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-89327-3_8"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Kaplan, R.M., and Saccuzzo, D.P. (2017). Psychological Testing: Principles, Applications, and Issues, Nelson Education."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heerink, M., Albo-Canals, J., Valenti-Soler, M., Martinez-Martin, P., Zondag, J., Smits, C., and Anisuzzaman, S. (2013, January 27\u201329). Exploring requirements and alternative pet robots for robot assisted therapy with older adults with dementia. Proceedings of the International Conference on Social Robotics, Bristol, UK.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-02675-6_11"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-013-0224-9","article-title":"Older people\u2019s prior robot attitudes influence evaluations of a conversational robot","volume":"6","author":"Stafford","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Robot."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-018-0471-x","article-title":"Factors Affecting the Acceptability of Social Robots by Older Adults Including People with Dementia or Cognitive Impairment: A Literature Review","volume":"10","author":"Whelan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Robot."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2014.07.003","article-title":"The determinants of home healthcare robots adoption: An empirical investigation","volume":"83","author":"Alaiad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Inform."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S56435","article-title":"Acceptance of an assistive robot in older adults: A mixed-method study of human\u2013robot interaction over a 1-month period in the Living Lab setting","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2015.00141","article-title":"\u201cAre we ready for robots that care for us?\u201d Attitudes and opinions of older adults toward socially assistive robots","volume":"7","author":"Pino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heerink, M. (2011, January 8\u201311). Exploring the influence of age, gender, education and computer experience on robot acceptance by older adults. Proceedings of the 6th ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), Lausanne, Switzerland.","DOI":"10.1145\/1957656.1957704"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-015-0284-0","article-title":"Robot caregiver or robot-supported caregiving?","volume":"7","author":"Pfadenhauer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Robot."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heerink, M., Kr\u00f6se, B., Evers, V., and Wielinga, B. (2008, January 1\u20133). The influence of social presence on enjoyment and intention to use of a robot and screen agent by elderly users. Proceedings of the 17th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication, RO-MAN, Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2008.4600748"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2012.09.006","article-title":"Suitability of healthcare robots for a dementia unit and suggested improvements","volume":"14","author":"Robinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Direct. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.10.030","article-title":"Sharing a life with Harvey: Exploring the acceptance of and relationship-building with a social robot","volume":"43","author":"Allouch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1177\/1460458210380517","article-title":"Robotic agents for supporting community-dwelling elderly people with memory complaints: Perceived needs and preferences","volume":"17","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Health Inform. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1177\/1533317514568338","article-title":"Personalized technology to support older adults with and without cognitive impairment living at home","volume":"30","author":"Kerssens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Alzheimers Dis. Other Dement."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intcom.2005.03.003","article-title":"Assessing the effects of building social intelligence in a robotic interface for the home","volume":"17","author":"Saini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Interact. Comput."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Brandon, M., Lowet, D., Heylen, D.K.J., van Dijk, E., and Evers, V. (2012). Effect of Robot-User Personality Matching on the Acceptance of Domestic Assistant Robots for Elderly. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Twente]."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2019.1663008","article-title":"A Systematic Review of the Personality of Robot: Mapping Its Conceptualization, Operationalization, Contextualization and Effects","volume":"36","author":"Mou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"94","article-title":"Assistive technology design and development for acceptable robotics companions for ageing years","volume":"4","author":"Amirabdollahian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Paladyn J. Behav. Robot."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Broadbent, E., Tamagawa, R., Kerse, N., Knock, B., Patience, A., and MacDonald, B. (October, January 27). Retirement home staff and residents\u2019 preferences for healthcare robots. Proceedings of the 18th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication, Toyama, Japan."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"251","article-title":"Personality factors and acceptability of socially assistive robotics in teachers with and without specialized training for children with disability","volume":"20","author":"Conti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Life Span Disab."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.25.10.966","article-title":"Individual differences and MIS success: A review of the empirical literature","volume":"25","author":"Zmud","year":"1979","journal-title":"Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.1992.11517949","article-title":"The influence of individual differences on skill in end-user computing","volume":"9","author":"Harrison","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Manag. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5915.1999.tb01614.x","article-title":"Are individual differences germane to the acceptance of new information technologies?","volume":"30","author":"Agarwal","year":"1999","journal-title":"Decis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Rosen, P.A., and Kluemper, D.H. (2008, January 14\u201317). The impact of the big five personality traits on the acceptance of social networking website. Proceedings of the AMCIS 2008, Toronto, ON, Canada."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-018-0469-4","article-title":"Socially Assistive Robot for Providing Recommendations: Comparing a Humanoid Robot with a Mobile Application","volume":"10","author":"Rossi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Robot."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.59.6.1216","article-title":"Personality processess and individual differences. An alternative \u201cDescription of Personality\u201d: The Big-Five Factor structure","volume":"59","author":"Goldberg","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1561\/2900000018","article-title":"A Review of Personality in Human\u2013Robot Interactions","volume":"4","author":"Robert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Found. Trends Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matthews, G., Hancock, P., Lin, J., Panganiban, A.R., Reinerman-Jones, L., Szalma, J., and Wohleber, R. (2020). Evolution and revolution: Personality research for the coming world of robots, artificial intelligence, and autonomous systems. Personal. Individ. Differ., 109969.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2020.109969"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Stafford, R.Q. (2014). The Contribution of People\u2019s Attitudes and Perceptions to the Acceptance of Eldercare Robots. [Ph.D. Thesis, The University of Auckland]."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1007\/s10209-005-0118-1","article-title":"Robots in a domestic setting: A psychological approach","volume":"4","author":"Scopelliti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Univ. Access Inf. Soc."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-008-0006-y","article-title":"Toward acceptable domestic robots: Applying insights from social psychology","volume":"1","author":"Young","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Robot."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"829835","article-title":"Population ageing and socially assistive robots for elderly persons: The importance of sociodemographic factors for user acceptance","volume":"2012","author":"Flandorfer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Popul. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nomura, T., Sugimoto, K., Syrdal, D.S., and Dautenhahn, K. (December, January 29). Social acceptance of humanoid robots in Japan: A survey for development of the frankenstein syndorome questionnaire. Proceedings of the 2012 12th IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots (Humanoids), Osaka, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/HUMANOIDS.2012.6651527"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-013-0186-y","article-title":"Does the robot have a mind? Mind perception and attitudes towards robots predict use of an eldercare robot","volume":"6","author":"Stafford","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Robot."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"328","article-title":"Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology: A Synthesis and the Road Ahead","volume":"17","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. AIS"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2138","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02138","article-title":"Are Future Psychologists Willing to Accept and Use a Humanoid Robot in Their Practice? Italian and English Students\u2019 Perspective","volume":"10","author":"Conti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.2307\/30036540","article-title":"User Acceptance of Information Technology: Toward a Unified View","volume":"27","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2003","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x","article-title":"The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: A Brief Screening Tool For Mild Cognitive Impairment","volume":"53","author":"Nasreddine","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1080\/13546805.2012.721728","article-title":"The \u201cReading the Mind in the Eyes\u201d test: Systematic review of psychometric properties and a validation study in Italy","volume":"18","author":"Vellante","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cogn. Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-010-0068-5","article-title":"Assessing Acceptance of Assistive Social Agent Technology by Older Adults: The Almere Model","volume":"2","author":"Heerink","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Robot."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossi, S., Ercolano, G., Raggioli, L., Savino, E., and Ruocco, M. (2018, January 27\u201331). The Disappearing Robot: An Analysis of Disengagement and Distraction During Non-Interactive Tasks. Proceedings of the 2018 27th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), Nanjing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2018.8525514"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2013.01.029","article-title":"State Anxiety and Cognitive Functioning in Older Adults","volume":"21","author":"Potvin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1037\/h0047707","article-title":"The Effect of Emotion on Cue Utilization and the Organization of Behavior","volume":"66","author":"Easterbrook","year":"1959","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00203","article-title":"The impact of anxiety upon cognition: Perspectives from human threat of shock studies","volume":"7","author":"Robinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"CR550","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.883350","article-title":"Effect of a human-type communication robot on cognitive function in elderly women living alone","volume":"18","author":"Tanaka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610216002210","article-title":"MACE versus MoCA: Equivalence or superiority? Pragmatic diagnostic test accuracy study","volume":"29","author":"Larner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriatr."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00149","article-title":"Best practices for developing and validating scales for health, social, and behavioral research: A primer","volume":"6","author":"Boateng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"}],"container-title":["Robotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-6581\/9\/2\/39\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:31:45Z","timestamp":1760175105000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-6581\/9\/2\/39"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,23]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["robotics9020039"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/robotics9020039","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-6581"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-6581","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,23]]}}}