{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T17:52:17Z","timestamp":1783533137232,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,22]],"date-time":"2017-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1513900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u2019s Coral Reef Watch program developed and operates several global satellite products to monitor bleaching-level heat stress. While these products have a proven ability to predict the onset of most mass coral bleaching events, they occasionally miss events; inaccurately predict the severity of some mass coral bleaching events; or report false alarms. These products are based solely on temperature and yet coral bleaching is known to result from both temperature and light stress. This study presents a novel methodology (still under development), which combines temperature and light into a single measure of stress to predict the onset and severity of mass coral bleaching. We describe here the biological basis of the Light Stress Damage (LSD) algorithm under development. Then by using empirical relationships derived in separate experiments conducted in mesocosm facilities in the Mexican Caribbean we parameterize the LSD algorithm and demonstrate that it is able to describe three past bleaching events from the Great Barrier Reef (GBR). For this limited example, the LSD algorithm was able to better predict differences in the severity of the three past GBR bleaching events, quantifying the contribution of light to reduce or exacerbate the impact of heat stress. The new Light Stress Damage algorithm we present here is potentially a significant step forward in the evolution of satellite-based bleaching products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10010018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,22]],"date-time":"2017-12-22T11:38:04Z","timestamp":1513942684000},"page":"18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Remote Sensing of Coral Bleaching Using Temperature and Light: Progress towards an Operational Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"William","family":"Skirving","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Coral Reef Watch, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA"},{"name":"ReefSense Pty Ltd., Townsville, QLD 4814, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5776-902X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Enr\u00edquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Acad\u00e9mica de Sistemas Arrecifales Puerto Morelos, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Cancun 77580, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Hedley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Numerical Optics Ltd., Tiverton EX16 8AA, UK"},{"name":"School of Biosciences, Exeter University, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Dove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coral Reef Ecosystems Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"},{"name":"ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5987-0858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Eakin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coral Reef Watch, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coral Reef Ecosystems Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"},{"name":"ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9070-1502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacqueline","family":"De La Cour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coral Reef Watch, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA"},{"name":"Global Science & Technology, Inc., Greenbelt, MD 20740, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coral Reef Watch, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA"},{"name":"Global Science & Technology, Inc., Greenbelt, MD 20740, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ove","family":"Hoegh-Guldberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"},{"name":"Global Change Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Strong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coral Reef Watch, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Mumby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"},{"name":"Marine Spatial Ecology Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Iglesias-Prieto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Acad\u00e9mica de Sistemas Arrecifales Puerto Morelos, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Cancun 77580, Mexico"},{"name":"Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.1996.tb00063.x","article-title":"Coral Reef Bleaching: Facts, Hypothesis and Implications","volume":"2","author":"Glynn","year":"1996","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1996.41.2.0271","article-title":"Elevated temperature and ultraviolet radiation cause oxidative stress and inhibit photosynthesis in symbiotic dinoflagellates","volume":"41","author":"Lesser","year":"1996","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1504\/IJEP.2000.002328","article-title":"The significance of pollution in eliciting the \u2018bleaching\u2019 response in symbiotic cnidarians","volume":"13","author":"Brown","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-326X(03)00037-7","article-title":"Coral Bleaching\u2014How and why?","volume":"46","author":"Douglas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"839","article-title":"Climate change, coral bleaching and the future of the World\u2019s coral reefs","volume":"50","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mar. Freshw. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2005.50.1.0265","article-title":"Coral bleaching following wintry weather","volume":"50","author":"Fine","year":"2005","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phinney, J.T., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Kleypas, J., Skirving, W., and Strong, A. (2006). The cell physiology of coral bleaching. Coral Reefs and Climate Change: Science and Management, American Geophysical Union.","DOI":"10.1029\/CE061"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Dubinsky, Z. (1990). Irradiance and Corals. Coral Reefs, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3354\/meps113163","article-title":"Acclimation and adaptation to irradiance in symbiotic dinoflagellates. I. Responses of the photosynthetic unit to changes in photon flux density","volume":"113","author":"Trench","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00338-008-0444-x","article-title":"Photobiology of Symbiodinium revisited: Bio-Physical and bio-optical signatures","volume":"28","author":"Hennige","year":"2009","journal-title":"Coral Reefs"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"231","article-title":"The effect of external nutrient resources on the optical properties and photosynthetic efficiency of Stylphora pistillata","volume":"239","author":"Dubinsky","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1126\/science.283.5403.843","article-title":"The dynamics of zooxanthellae populations: A long-term study in the field","volume":"283","author":"Fagoonee","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2000.45.3.0677","article-title":"Seasonal patterns of tissue biomass and densities of symbiotic dinoflagellates and relation to coral bleaching","volume":"45","author":"Fitt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3354\/meps191053","article-title":"Seasonal fluctuations in environmental factors and variations in symbiotic algae and chlorophyll pigments in four Indo-Pacific coral species","volume":"191","author":"Brown","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/s00338-003-0353-y","article-title":"Coral bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef: Correlation with sea surface temperature, a handle on \u2018patchiness\u2019 and comparison of the 1998 and 2002 events","volume":"23","author":"Berkelmans","year":"2004","journal-title":"Coral Reefs"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1017\/S0376892900013825","article-title":"Widespread coral mortality and the 1982\u201383 El Ni\u00f1o warming event","volume":"11","author":"Glynn","year":"1984","journal-title":"Environ. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Glynn, P.W. (1989). Coral mortality outside of the eastern Pacific during 1982\u20131983: Relationship to El Ni\u00f1o. Global Ecological Consequences of the 1982\u201383 El Ni\u00f1o-Southern Oscillation, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Wilkinson, C. (2004). Status of Coral Reefs of the World, Australian Institute of Marine Science."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"33","article-title":"Ding, Dong, The Witch is Dead (?)\u2014Three Years of Global Coral Bleaching 2014\u20132017","volume":"32","author":"Eakin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reef Encount."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richardson, L.L., and LeDrew, E.F. (2006). Extreme events and perturbations of coastal ecosystems: Sea surface temperature change and coral bleaching. Remote Sensing of Aquatic Coastal Ecosystem Processes, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-3968-9"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s003380050249","article-title":"Coral bleaching: Causes and consequences","volume":"16","author":"Brown","year":"1997","journal-title":"Coral Reefs"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11579","DOI":"10.3390\/rs61111579","article-title":"Reef-scale Thermal Stress Monitoring of Coral Ecosystems: New 5-km Global Products from NOAA Coral Reef Watch","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"39","article-title":"NOAA Coral Reef Watch\u2019s 5 km Satellite Coral Bleaching Heat Stress Monitoring Product Suite Version 3 and Four-Month Outlook Version 4","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reef Encount."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eakin, C.M., Morgan, J.A., Heron, S.F., Smith, T.B., Liu, G., Alvarez-Filip, L., Baca, B., Bartels, E., Bastidas, C., and Bouchon, C. (2010). Caribbean Corals in Crisis: Record Thermal Stress, Bleaching and Mortality in 2005. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013969"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heron, S.F., Johnston, L., Liu, G., Geiger, E.F., Maynard, J.A., De La Cour, J.L., Johnson, S., Okano, R., Benavente, D., and Burgess, T.F.R. (2016). Validation of Reef-scale Thermal Stress Satellite Products for Coral Bleaching Monitoring. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8010059"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s00338-016-1524-y","article-title":"Validation of degree heating weeks as a coral bleaching index in the northwestern Pacific","volume":"36","author":"Kayanne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Coral Reefs"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10302","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.21.10302","article-title":"Photosynthetic response to elevated temperature in the symbiotic dinoflagellate Symbiodinium microadriaticum in culture","volume":"89","author":"Matta","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3040.1998.00345.x","article-title":"Temperature-induced bleaching of corals begins with impairment of the CO2 fixation mechanism in zooxanthellae","volume":"21","author":"Jones","year":"1998","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8007","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.14.8007","article-title":"Damage to photosystem II in symbiotic dinoflagellates: A determinant of coral bleaching","volume":"96","author":"Warner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1093\/pcp\/pch028","article-title":"Repair machinery of symbiotic photosynthesis as the primary target of heat stress for reef-building corals","volume":"45","author":"Takahashi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plant Cell Phys."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3354\/meps222209","article-title":"Cloudy weather may have saved Society Island reef corals during the 1998 ENSO event","volume":"222","author":"Mumby","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.50.1.333","article-title":"Photoprotection revisited: Genetic and molecular approaches","volume":"50","author":"Niyogi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-5266(00)00113-8","article-title":"Safety valves for photosynthesis","volume":"6","author":"Niyogi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00020423","article-title":"The grand design of photosynthesis: Acclimation of the photosynthetic apparatus to environmental cues","volume":"46","author":"Anderson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Photosynth. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00406821","article-title":"Simulating light-saturation curves for photosynthesis and calcification by reef-building corals","volume":"63","author":"Chalker","year":"1981","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/S1360-1385(99)01387-4","article-title":"Photosystem II damage and repair cycle in chloroplasts: What modulates the rate of photodamage \u201cin vivo\u201d?","volume":"94","author":"Melis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.4.1408","article-title":"Reversible and irreversible intermediates during photoinhibition of photosystem II: Stable reduced QA species promote chlorophyll triplet formation","volume":"90","author":"Vass","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19030","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19030","article-title":"Coralline algal physiology is more adversely affected by elevated temperature than reduced pH","volume":"6","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2011.56.1.0139","article-title":"Increased rate of D1 repair in coral symbionts during bleaching is insufficient to counter accelerated photo-inactivation","volume":"56","author":"Hill","year":"2011","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3059","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.009597","article-title":"Cellular mechanisms of Cnidarian bleaching: Stress causes the collapse of symbiosis","volume":"211","author":"Weis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3354\/meps139167","article-title":"Degradation of zooxanthellae and regulation of their density in hermatypic corals","volume":"139","author":"Titlyanov","year":"2006","journal-title":"MEPS"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dunn, S.R., Pernice, M., Green, K., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., and Dove, S.G. (2012). Thermal Stress Promotes Host Mitochondrial Degradation in Symbiotic Cnidarians: Are the Batteries of the Reef Going to Run Out?. PLoS ONE.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039024"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-marine-010213-135029","article-title":"Climate Change Influences on Marine Infectious Diseases: Implications for Management and Society","volume":"6","author":"Burge","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Macintyre, I.G. (1996, January 24\u201329). Temperature-dependent inactivation of photosystem II in symbiotic dinoflagellates. Proceedings of the 8th International Coral Reef Symposium, Panama City, Panama."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2006.51.4.1887","article-title":"The ecological distribution and comparative photobiology of symbiotic dinoflagellates from reef corals in Belize: Potential implications for coral bleaching","volume":"51","author":"Warner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Schulze, E.D., and Caldwell, M.M. (1995). Chlorophyll fluorescence as a nonintrusive indicator for rapid assessment of in vivo photosynthesis. Ecophysiology of Photosynthesis, Springer."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"2702","article-title":"Photosynthesis and light utilization in the Caribbean coral Montastraea faveolata recovering from a bleaching event","volume":"51","year":"2016","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2010.04534.x","article-title":"Coral host transcriptomic states are correlated with Symbiodinium genotypes","volume":"19","author":"DeSalvo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.107.3.687","article-title":"Photosystem II excitation pressure and development of resistance to photoinhibition. I. Light-harvesting complex II abundance and zeaxanthin content in Chlorella vulgaris","volume":"107","author":"Maxwell","year":"1995","journal-title":"Plant Phys."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2004.2757","article-title":"Different algal symbionts explain the vertical distribution of dominant reef corals in the eastern Pacific","volume":"271","author":"LaJeunesse","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3040.1996.tb00251.x","article-title":"The effects of elevated temperature on the photosynthetic efficiency of zooxanthellae in hospite from four different species of reef coral: A novel approach","volume":"19","author":"Warner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18234","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0403857102","article-title":"Populations of photoinactivated photosystem II reaction centers characterized by chlorophyll a fluorescence lifetime in vivo","volume":"101","author":"Matsubara","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"95","article-title":"Examination of the effect of temperature, light intensity and zooxanthellae concentration on calcification and photosynthesis of scleractinian coral Acropora pulchra","volume":"40","author":"Kajiwara","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Sch. Mar. Sci. Technol. Tokai Univ."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.016345","article-title":"Photosynthetic response of the Mediterranean zooxanthellate coral Cladocora caespitosa to the natural range of light and temperature","volume":"211","author":"Huot","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2012.02695.x","article-title":"Interactive effects of ocean acidification and temperature on two scleractinian corals from Moorea, French Polynesia","volume":"18","author":"Edmunds","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s00227-002-0807-8","article-title":"Seasonal fluctuations in the photosynthetic capacity of photosystem II in symbiotic dinoflagellates in the Caribbean reef-building coral Montastraea","volume":"141","author":"Warner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-002-1095-1","article-title":"Kinetics of photoacclimation in corals","volume":"134","author":"Anthony","year":"2003","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4937","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-04927-8","article-title":"Seasonal variation modulates coral sensibility to heat-stress and explains annual changes in coral productivity","volume":"7","author":"Scheufen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Heron, S.F., Liu, G., Eakin, C.M., Skirving, W.J., Muller-Karger, F.E., Vega-Rodriguez, M., De La Cour, J.L., Burgess, T.F.R., Strong, A.E., and Geiger, E.F. (2015). Climatology Development for NOAA Coral Reef Watch\u2019s 5-km Product Suite."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Liu, G., Rauenzahn, J.L., Heron, S.F., Eakin, C.M., Skirving, W.J., Christensen, T.R.L., Strong, A.E., and Li, J. (2013). NOAA Coral Reef Watch 50 km Satellite Sea Surface Temperature-Based Decision Support System for Coral Bleaching Management."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"503","article-title":"Gradients in water column nutrients, sediment parameters, irradiance and coral reef development in the Whitsunday Region, central Great Barrier Reef","volume":"27","author":"Cooper","year":"2007","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ignatov, A., Zhou, X., Petrenko, B., Liang, X., Kihai, Y., Dash, P., Stroup, J., Sapper, J., and DiGiacomo, P. (2016). AVHRR GAC SST Reanalysis Version 1 (RAN1). Remote Sens, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8040315"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1002\/gdj3.20","article-title":"Sea surface temperature datasets for climate applications from Phase 1 of the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative (SST CCI)","volume":"1","author":"Merchant","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geosci. Data J."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/1\/18\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:55:12Z","timestamp":1760208912000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/1\/18"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,22]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["rs10010018"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs10010018","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,22]]}}}