{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T13:18:03Z","timestamp":1773926283674,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,25]],"date-time":"2017-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016YFC0400909"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFC0400909"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016YFA0601504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFA0601504"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"NNSF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41371049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41371049"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NSSF","award":["41571015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41571015"]}]},{"name":"NSSF","award":["41323001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41323001"]}]},{"name":"NSSF","award":["51539003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51539003"]}]},{"name":"the Project of the State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, China","award":["20165042612"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20165042612"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A critical evaluation of the newly released precipitation data set is very important for both the end users and data developers. Meanwhile, the evaluation may provide a benchmark for the product\u2019s continued development and future improvement. To these ends, the four precipitation estimates including IMERG (the Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for the Global Precipitation Measurement) V04A, IMERG V03D, CMORPH (the Climate Prediction Center Morphing technique)-CRT and TRMM (the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) 3B42 are systematically evaluated against the gauge precipitation estimates at multiple spatiotemporal scales from 1 June 2014 to 30 November 2015 over three different topographic and climatic watersheds in China. Meanwhile, the statistical methods are utilized to quantize the performance of the four satellite-based precipitation estimates. The results show that: (1) over the Tibetan Plateau cold region, among all products, IMERG V04A underestimates precipitation with the largest RB (\u221246.98%) during the study period and the similar results are seen at the seasonal scale. However, IMERG V03D demonstrates the best performance according to RB (7.46%), RMSE (0.44 mm\/day) and RRMSE (28.37%). Except for in summer, TRMM 3B42 perform better than CMORPH according to RMSEs, RRMSEs and Rs; (2) within the semi-humid Huaihe River Basin, IMERG V04A has a slight advantage over the other three satellite-based precipitation products with the lowest RMSE (0.32 mm\/day) during the evaluation period and followed by IMERG V03D, TRMM 3B42 and CMORPH orderly; (3) over the arid\/semi-arid Weihe River Basin, in comparison with the other three products, TRMM 3B42 demonstrates the best performance with the lowest RMSE (0.1 mm\/day), RRMSE (8.44%) and highest R (0.92) during the study period. Meanwhile, IMERG V03D perform better than IMERG V04A according all the statistical indicators; (4) in winter, IMERG V04A and IMERG V03D tend to underestimate the total precipitation with RBs (\u221270.62% vs. \u22126.47% over the Tibetan Plateau, \u221246.92% vs. \u22120.66% over the Weihe River Basin, respectively); and (5) overall, except for IMERG V04A in Tibetan Plateau, all satellite-based precipitation captured the gauge-based precipitation well over the three regions according to RRMSEs, Rs and Rbs during the study period. IMERG V03D performs better than its predecessors-TRMM 3B42 and CMORPH over the Tibetan Plateau region and the Huaihe River Basin, while IMERG V04A only does so over the latter. Between the two IMERG products, IMERG V04A does not show an advantage over IMERG V03D over the Tibetan Plateau region and the Weihe River Basin. In particular, over the former, IMERG V04A performs far worse than IMERG V03D. These findings provide valuable feedback for both IMERG algorithm developers and data users.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10010030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,26]],"date-time":"2017-12-26T03:06:38Z","timestamp":1514257598000},"page":"30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Evaluation of Satellite-Based Precipitation Products from IMERG V04A and V03D, CMORPH and TMPA with Gauged Rainfall in Three Climatologic Zones in China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Guanghua","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, National Cooperative Innovation Center for Water Safety & Hydro-Science, College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"},{"name":"Department of Basic Courses, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing 211169, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1601-8892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haishen","family":"L\u00fc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, National Cooperative Innovation Center for Water Safety & Hydro-Science, College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"}]},{"given":"Wade","family":"T. Crow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA-ARS Hydrology and Remote Sensing Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA"}]},{"given":"Yonghua","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, National Cooperative Innovation Center for Water Safety & Hydro-Science, College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"}]},{"given":"Jianqun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, National Cooperative Innovation Center for Water Safety & Hydro-Science, College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"}]},{"given":"Jianbin","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, National Cooperative Innovation Center for Water Safety & Hydro-Science, College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-13-00164.1","article-title":"The global precipitation measurement mission","volume":"95","author":"Hou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00fc, H., Crow, W., Zhu, Y., Ouyang, F., and Su, J. (2016). Improving streamflow prediction using remotely-sensed soil moisture and snow depth. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8060503"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"5116","article-title":"The impact of assumed error variances on surface soil moisture and snow depth hydrologic data assimilation","volume":"8","author":"Crow","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2012.12.011","article-title":"The streamflow estimation using the Xinanjiang rainfall runoff model and dual state-parameter estimation method","volume":"480","author":"Hou","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1175\/1525-7541(2004)005<0487:CAMTPG>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"CMORPH: A method that produces global precipitation estimates from passive microwave and infrared data at high spatial and temporal resolution","volume":"5","author":"Joyce","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM560.1","article-title":"The TRMM multisatellite precipitation analysis (TMPA): Quasi-global, multiyear, combined-sensor precipitation estimates at fine scales","volume":"8","author":"Huffman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2017, September 05). The TRMM Webpage, Available online: https:\/\/pmm.nasa.gov\/data-access\/downloads\/trmm."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Huffman, G.J., Bolvin, D.T., Braithwaite, D., Hsu, K., Joyce, R., Kidd, C., Nelkin, E.J., and Xie, P. (2015). Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD) Version 4.5: NASA Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Integrated Multi-Satellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG), NASA\/GSFC."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Huffman, G.J., Bolvin, D.T., and Nelkin, E.J. (2014). Integrated Multi-Satellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) Technical Documentation, NASA\/GSFC."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2010.11.043","article-title":"Hydrologic evaluation of satellite precipitation products over a mid-size basin","volume":"397","author":"Behrangi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-11-042.1","article-title":"Intercomparison of high-resolution precipitation products over northwest Europe","volume":"13","author":"Kidd","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-88-1-47","article-title":"Comparison of near-real-time precipitation estimates from satellite observations and numerical models","volume":"88","author":"Ebert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorpl. Soc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70201504","article-title":"Evaluation of six high-resolution satellite and ground-based precipitation products over Malaysia","volume":"7","author":"Tan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1029\/2010GL046008","article-title":"A global map of uncertainties in satellite-based precipitation measurements","volume":"37","author":"Tian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1029\/2009WR008965","article-title":"Hydrologic evaluation of multisatellite precipitation analysis standard precipitation products in basins beyond its inclined latitude band: A case study in Laohahe basin, China","volume":"46","author":"Yong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2009.2034736","article-title":"Benchmarking high-resolution global satellite rainfall products to radar and rain-gauge rainfall estimates","volume":"48","author":"Anagnostou","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-016-0818-x","article-title":"Evaluation of latest TMPA and CMORPH precipitation products with independent rain gauge observation networks over high-latitude and low-latitude basins in China","volume":"26","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3695285","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3695285","article-title":"Evaluation of satellite precipitation products and their potential influence on hydrological modeling over the Ganzi river basin of the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"2017","author":"Alazzy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Huffman, G.J., and Bolvin, D.T. (2013). TRMM and Other Data Precipitation Data Set Documentation, NASA\/GSFC."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2631","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-15-2631-2011","article-title":"Bias correction of satellite rainfall estimates using a Radar-gauge product\u2014A case study in Oklahoma (USA)","volume":"15","author":"Tesfagiorgis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JHM859.1","article-title":"Multitemporal analysis of TRMM-based satellite precipitation products for land data assimilation applications","volume":"8","author":"Tian","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharifi, E., Steinacker, R., and Saghafian, B. (2016). Assessment of GPM-IMERG and other precipitation products against gauge data under different topographic and climatic conditions in Iran: Preliminary results. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8020135"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Huffman, G.J.B., Bolvin, D.T., Braithwaite, D., Hsu, K., Joyce, R., Xie, P., and Yoo, S.H. (2013). Algorithm Theoretical Basisdocument, Version 4.1: NASA Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Integrated Multi-Satellite Retrievals for GPM (Imerg), NASA\/GSFC."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Huffman, G.J., Bolvin, D.T., and Nelkin, E.J. (2015). Day 1 IMERG Final Run Release Notes, NASA\/GSFC."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-15-0068.1","article-title":"Comparison of integrated multisatellite retrievals for GPM (IMERG) and TRMM multisatellite precipitation analysis (TMPA) monthly precipitation products: Initial results","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advwatres.2015.11.008","article-title":"From TRMM to GPM: How well can heavy rainfall be detected from space?","volume":"88","author":"Prakash","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Water Resour."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Prakash, S., Mitra, A.K., Aghakouchak, A., Liu, Z., Norouzi, H., and Pai, D.S. (2016). A preliminary assessment of GPM-based multi-satellite precipitation estimates over a monsoon dominated region. J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2007.895337","article-title":"Global precipitation map using satellite-borne microwave radiometers by the GSMAP project: Production and validation","volume":"45","author":"Kubota","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, F., and Li, X. (2016). Evaluation of IMERG and TRMM 3b43 monthly precipitation products over mainland china. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8060472"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2016.02.020","article-title":"Early assessment of integrated multi-satellite retrievals for global precipitation measurement over china","volume":"176\u2013177","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2015.12.008","article-title":"Evaluation of GPM day-1 IMERG and TMPA version-7 legacy products over Mainland China at multiple spatiotemporal scales","volume":"533","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JD012097","article-title":"Performance of high-resolution satellite precipitation products over china","volume":"115","author":"Shen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL028129","article-title":"Diurnal variations of summer precipitation over contiguous China","volume":"34","author":"Yu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2017, September 05). The CMORPH Webpage, Available online: ftp:\/\/ftp.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov\/precip\/CMORPH_V1.0\/."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gebremichael, M., and Hossain, F. (2010). CMORPH: A \u201cmorphing\u201d approach for high resolution precipitation product generation. Satellite Rainfall Applications for Surface Hydrology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-2915-7"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-12-017.1","article-title":"Evaluation of the high-resolution cmorph satellite rainfall product using dense rain gauge observations and Radar-based estimates","volume":"13","author":"Habib","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Huffman, G.J., Bolvin, D.T., Nelkin, E.J., and Stocker, E.F. (2017). V04 IMERG Final Run Release Notes, NASA\/GSFC."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-10-197-2006","article-title":"Distance in spatial interpolation of daily rain gauge data","volume":"10","author":"Ahrens","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.3682","article-title":"Tibetan plateau precipitation as depicted by gauge observations, reanalyses and satellite retrievals","volume":"34","author":"Tong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1080\/136588199241120","article-title":"A strategy for controlling error of distributed environmental models by aggregation","volume":"13","author":"Rompaey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"222","article-title":"Development of a bathymetric grid for the Gulf of Papua and adjacent areas: A note describing its development","volume":"113","author":"Daniell","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.04.005","article-title":"Maize and sunflower biomass estimation in southwest France using high spatial and temporal resolution remote sensing data","volume":"124","author":"Claverie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9671.2004.00169.x","article-title":"The effect of DEM raster resolution on first order, second order and compound terrain derivatives","volume":"8","author":"Kienzle","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trans. GIS"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2604980","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2604980","article-title":"Evaluation of high-resolution satellite-based real-time and post-real-time precipitation estimates during 2010 extreme flood event in Swat river basin, Hindukush region","volume":"2016","author":"Anjum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.23153","article-title":"Model evaluation guidelines for systematic quantification of accuracy in watershed simulations","volume":"50","author":"Moriasi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trans. ASABE"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/1\/30\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:55:26Z","timestamp":1760208926000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/1\/30"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,25]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["rs10010030"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs10010030","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,25]]}}}