{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T15:27:37Z","timestamp":1780414057664,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,25]],"date-time":"2017-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Open Research Fund of Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2016LDE003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016LDE003"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41601371"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41601371"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41531175"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41531175"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41471430"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41471430"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the 13th Five-Year Plan of Civil Aerospace Technology Advanced Research Projects","award":["2016, NO. 1299"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016, NO. 1299"]}]},{"name":"the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A good knowledge of the quality of the satellite soil moisture products is of great importance for their application and improvement. This paper examines the performance of eight satellite-based soil moisture products, including the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) passive Level 3 (L3), the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) Centre Aval de Traitement des Donn\u00e9es SMOS (CATDS) L3, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) L3, the Land Parameter Retrieval Model (LPRM) AMSR2 L3, the European Space Agency (ESA) Climate Change Initiative (CCI) L3, the Chinese Fengyun-3B (FY3B) L2 soil moisture products at a coarse resolution of ~0.25\u00b0, and the newly released SMAP enhanced passive L3 and JAXA AMSR2 L3 soil moisture products at a medium resolution of ~0.1\u00b0. The ground soil moisture used for validation were collected from two well-calibrated and dense networks, including the Little Washita Watershed (LWW) network in the United States and the REMEDHUS network in Spain, each with different land cover. The results show that the SMAP passive soil moisture product outperformed the other products in the LWW network region, with an unbiased root mean square (ubRMSE) of 0.027 m3 m\u22123, whereas the FY3B soil moisture performed the best in the REMEDHUS network region, with an ubRMSE of 0.025 m3 m\u22123. The JAXA product performed much better at 0.25\u00b0 than at 0.1\u00b0, but at both resolutions it underestimated soil moisture most of the time (bias &lt; \u22120.05 m3 m\u22123). The SMAP-enhanced passive soil moisture product captured the temporal variation of ground measurements well, with a correlation coefficient larger than 0.8, and was generally superior to the JAXA product. The LPRM showed much larger amplitude and temporal variation than the ground soil moisture, with a wet bias larger than 0.09 m3 m\u22123. The underestimation of surface temperature may have contributed to the general dry bias found in the SMAP (\u22120.018 m3 m\u22123 for LWW and 0.016 m3 m\u22123 for REMEDHUS) and SMOS (\u22120.004 m3 m\u22123 for LWW and \u22120.012 m3 m\u22123 for REMEDHUS) soil moisture products. The ESA CCI product showed satisfactory performance with acceptable error metrics (ubRMSE &lt; 0.045 m3 m\u22123), revealing the effectiveness of merging active and passive soil moisture products. The good performance of SMAP and FY3B demonstrates the potential in integrating them into the existing long-term ESA CCI product, in order to form a more reliable and useful product.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10010033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,26]],"date-time":"2017-12-26T03:06:38Z","timestamp":1514257598000},"page":"33","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":148,"title":["Soil Moisture Mapping from Satellites: An Intercomparison of SMAP, SMOS, FY3B, AMSR2, and ESA CCI over Two Dense Network Regions at Different Spatial Scales"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Chenyang","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Jointly Supported by Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7073-0082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5039-6774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiangyuan","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Jointly Supported by Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7698-9861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kun-Shan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Jointly Supported by Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojing","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Hydrology and Water Resources, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1640-239X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"},{"name":"The Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6691-2235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Airborne Remote Sensing Center, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianjie","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Jointly Supported by Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1127\/0941-2948\/2013\/0399","article-title":"The ASCAT soil moisture product: A review of its specifications, validation results, and emerging applications","volume":"22","author":"Wagner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Meteorol. Z."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.808243","article-title":"Soil moisture retrieval from AMSR-E","volume":"41","author":"Njoku","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852815","DOI":"10.1117\/12.977774","article-title":"Status of AMSR2 instrument on GCOM-W1","volume":"8528","author":"Imaoka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2010.2043032","article-title":"The SMOS mission: New tool for monitoring key elements of the global water cycle","volume":"98","author":"Kerr","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2010.2043918","article-title":"The soil moisture active passive (SMAP) mission","volume":"98","author":"Entekhabi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(99)00036-X","article-title":"A method for estimating soil moisture from ERS scatterometer and soil data","volume":"70","author":"Wagner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.01.024","article-title":"Modelling the passive microwave signature from land surfaces: A review of recent results and application to the L-band SMOS & SMAP soil moisture retrieval algorithms","volume":"192","author":"Wigneron","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.2011617","article-title":"An improved soil moisture retrieval algorithm for ERS and METOP scatterometer observations","volume":"47","author":"Naeimi","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2184548","article-title":"The SMOS soil moisture retrieval algorithm","volume":"50","author":"Kerr","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2014.2326890","article-title":"Method for soil moisture and surface temperature estimation in the Tibetan Plateau using spaceborne radiometer observations","volume":"12","author":"Zeng","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.3360070205","article-title":"Measuring surface soil moisture using passive microwave remote sensing","volume":"7","author":"Jackson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Owe, M., de Jeu, R., and Holmes, T. (2008). Multisensor historical climatology of satellite-derived global land surface moisture. J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf., 113.","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JF000769"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2012.658666","article-title":"Improvements on global meteorological observations from the current Fengyun 3 satellites and beyond","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.07.001","article-title":"ESA CCI Soil Moisture for improved Earth system understanding: State-of-the art and future directions","volume":"203","author":"Dorigo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7007","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2014.960622","article-title":"Global surface soil moisture from the Microwave Radiation Imager onboard the Fengyun-3B satellite","volume":"35","author":"Parinussa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.03.008","article-title":"Evaluation of remotely sensed and reanalysis soil moisture products over the Tibetan Plateau using in-situ observations","volume":"163","author":"Zeng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montzka, C., Bogena, H.R., Zreda, M., Monerris, A., Morrison, R., Muddu, S., and Vereecken, H. (2017). Validation of spaceborne and modelled surface soil moisture products with cosmic-ray neutron probes. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9020103"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.11.017","article-title":"Evaluation of remotely sensed and modelled soil moisture products using global ground-based in-situ observations","volume":"118","author":"Albergel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-15-2303-2011","article-title":"The Tibetan Plateau observatory of plateau scale soil moisture and soil temperature (Tibet-Obs) for quantifying uncertainties in coarse resolution satellite and model products","volume":"15","author":"Su","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4256","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2010.2051035","article-title":"Validation of advanced microwave scanning radiometer soil moisture products","volume":"48","author":"Jackson","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2168533","article-title":"Validation of Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) soil moisture over watershed networks in the US","volume":"50","author":"Jackson","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.04.006","article-title":"Global-scale evaluation of two satellite-based passive microwave soil moisture datasets (SMOS and AMSR-E) with respect to Land Data Assimilation System estimates","volume":"149","author":"Wigneron","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4929","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2016.2553085","article-title":"A preliminary evaluation of the SMAP radiometer soil moisture product over United States and Europe using ground-based measurements","volume":"54","author":"Zeng","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4994","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2016.2561938","article-title":"Assessment of the SMAP passive soil moisture product","volume":"54","author":"Chan","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.01.021","article-title":"Validation of SMAP surface soil moisture products with core validation sites","volume":"191","author":"Colliander","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1080\/22797254.2017.1352461","article-title":"Inter-comparison of SMOS and AMSR-E soil moisture products during flood years (2010\u20132011) over Pakistan","volume":"50","author":"Anam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhuo, L., and Han, D. (2017). Hydrological evaluation of satellite soil moisture data in two basins of different climate and vegetation density conditions. Adv. Meteorol.","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1086456"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ray, R.L., Fares, A., He, Y., and Temimi, M. (2017). Evaluation and Inter-comparison of satellite soil moisture products using in situ observations over Texas. Water, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/w9060372"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.1109\/36.789610","article-title":"Soil moisture mapping at regional scales using microwave radiometry: The Southern Great Plains Hydrology Experiment","volume":"37","author":"Jackson","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2186971","article-title":"Validation of the SMOS L2 soil moisture data in the REMEDHUS network (Spain)","volume":"50","author":"Sanchez","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6460","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD023550","article-title":"Potential of bias correction for downscaling passive microwave and soil moisture data","volume":"120","author":"Kornelsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-15-1675-2011","article-title":"The International Soil Moisture Network: A data hosting facility for global in-situ soil moisture measurements","volume":"15","author":"Dorigo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-0477.2004.00870.x","article-title":"Seedling establishment of a boreal tree species (Pinus sylvestris) at its southernmost distribution limit: Consequences of being in a marginal Mediterranean habitat","volume":"92","author":"Castro","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2003.07.002","article-title":"Analysis of rainfall trends and dry periods on a pluviometric gradient representative of Mediterranean climate in the Duero Basin, Spain","volume":"58","author":"Ceballos","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.3390\/s80201174","article-title":"Temporal stability of soil moisture and radar backscatter observed by the Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR)","volume":"8","author":"Wagner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3845","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2014.2325398","article-title":"A downscaling approach for SMOS land observations: Evaluation of high-resolution soil moisture maps over the Iberian Peninsula","volume":"7","author":"Piles","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2013.12.047","article-title":"Combining SMOS with visible and near\/shortwave\/thermal infrared satellite data for high resolution soil moisture estimates","volume":"516","author":"Piles","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2010.07.014","article-title":"Combining remote sensing and in-situ soil moisture data for the application and validation of a distributed water balance model (HIDROMORE)","volume":"98","author":"Calera","year":"2010","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5699","DOI":"10.1029\/JC084iC09p05699","article-title":"Effect of surface roughness on the microwave emission from soils","volume":"84","author":"Choudhury","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.2011631","article-title":"Physically and mineralogically based spectroscopic dielectric model for moist soils","volume":"47","author":"Mironov","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill, P.E., Chan, S., Njoku, E., Jackson, T.J., and Bindlish, R. (2015). Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD): L2\/3_SM_P, Nat. Aeronaut. Space Admin, Jet Propulsion Lab."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaubell, J., Yueh, S., Entekhabi, D., and Peng, J. (2016, January 10\u201315). Resolution enhancement of SMAP radiometer data using the Backus Gilbert optimum interpolation technique. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2016.7729065"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1109\/36.58966","article-title":"Optimum interpolation of imaging microwave radiometer data","volume":"28","author":"Poe","year":"1990","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Chan, S. (2016). Enhanced Level 3 Passive Soil Moisture Product Specification Document, Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"De Jeu, R.A.M. (2003). Retrieval of Land Surface Parameters Using Passive Microwave Remote Sensing. [Ph.D. Thesis, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam]."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(91)90057-D","article-title":"Vegetation effects on the microwave emission of soils","volume":"36","author":"Jackson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2831","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2005.857902","article-title":"A parameterized multifrequency-polarization surface emission model","volume":"43","author":"Shi","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2016.2629759","article-title":"A comprehensive analysis of rough soil surface scattering and emission predicted by AIEM with comparison to numerical simulations and experimental measurements","volume":"55","author":"Zeng","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3145","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2006.876706","article-title":"Physically based estimation of bare-surface soil moisture with the passive radiometers","volume":"44","author":"Shi","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.10.014","article-title":"L-band microwave emission of the biosphere (L-MEB) model: Description and calibration against experimental data sets over crop fields","volume":"107","author":"Wigneron","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.06.025","article-title":"SMOS soil moisture assimilation for improved hydrologic simulation in the Murray Darling Basin, Australia","volume":"168","author":"Lievens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.2208\/prohe.48.217","article-title":"Development of an advanced microwave scanning radiometer (AMSR-E) algorithm for soil moisture and vegetation water content","volume":"48","author":"Koike","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hydraul. Eng. ASCE"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holmes, T.R.H., De Jeu, R.A.M., Owe, M., and Dolman, A.J. (2009). Land surface temperature from Ka band (37 GHz) passive microwave observations. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 114.","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JD010257"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2003.817195","article-title":"A preliminary survey of radio-frequency interference over the US in Aqua AMSR-E data","volume":"42","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2004.837507","article-title":"Global survey and statistics of radio-frequency interference in AMSR-E land observations","volume":"43","author":"Njoku","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.03.014","article-title":"Trend-preserving blending of passive and active microwave soil moisture retrievals","volume":"123","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, H., Parinussa, R., Konings, A., Wagner, W., Cosh, M., and Choi, M. (2017). Global-scale assessment and combination of SMAP with ASCAT (active) and AMSR2 (passive) soil moisture products. Remote Sens. Environ.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.10.026"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JHM997.1","article-title":"An intercomparison of ERS-Scat and AMSR-E soil moisture observations with model simulations over France","volume":"10","author":"Calvet","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JHM1223.1","article-title":"Performance metrics for soil moisture retrievals and application requirements","volume":"11","author":"Entekhabi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7183","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900719","article-title":"Summarizing multiple aspects of model performance in a single diagram","volume":"106","author":"Taylor","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.04.019","article-title":"A comparison of SMOS and AMSR2 soil moisture using representative sites of the OzNet monitoring network","volume":"195","author":"Yee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/1\/33\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:55:31Z","timestamp":1760208931000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/1\/33"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,25]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["rs10010033"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs10010033","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,25]]}}}