{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T13:01:13Z","timestamp":1770987673515,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,25]],"date-time":"2017-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement Final Run (IMERGF) product has now been upgraded to Version 4 (V4), which has been available since March 2017. Therefore, it is desirable to evaluate the characteristic differences between the V4 and the previous V3 products. A comprehensive performance evaluation of the errors of the successive V3 and V4 IMERGF products is performed with a comparison of the China daily Precipitation Analysis Products (CPAP) from March 2014 to February 2015. The version 6 Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP) research product (which is another Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) based precipitation product) is also used as a comparison in this study. Overall, the IMERGF-V4 product does not exhibit the anticipated improvement for China compared to the IMERGF-V3 product. An analysis of the metrics of annual daily average precipitation over China for the IMERGF-V3 and IMERGF-V4 products indicates a decrease of the relative bias (RB) from 3.70% to \u22127.18%, a decrease of the correlation coefficient (CC) from 0.91 to 0.89, an increase of the fractional standard error (FSE) from 0.49 to 0.56, and an increase of the root-mean-square error (RMSE) from 0.63 mm to 0.72 mm. Compared to the IMERGF-V3 product, the IMERGF-V4 product exhibits a significant underestimation of precipitation in the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau with a much lower RB of \u221260.91% (\u221258.19%, \u221265.30%, and \u221263.74%) based on the annual (summer, autumn, and winter) daily average precipitation and an even worse performance during winter (\u221272.33% of RB). In comparison, the GSMaP product outperforms the IMERGF-V3 and IMERGF-V4 products and has the smallest RMSE (0.47 mm\/day), highest CC (0.95), lowest FSE (0.37), and best performance of the RB (\u22122.39%) in terms of annual daily precipitation over China. However, the GSMaP product underestimates the precipitation more than the IMERGF-V3 product for the arid XJ region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10010034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,26]],"date-time":"2017-12-26T03:06:38Z","timestamp":1514257598000},"page":"34","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Comprehensive Evaluation of Two Successive V3 and V4 IMERG Final Run Precipitation Products over Mainland China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Haigen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Beijing Water Science and Technology Institute, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shengtian","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Songcai","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingchun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100038, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8460-6821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qianfeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Environment and Resource, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiuwen","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Environment Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1994)075<0401:TGPCPF>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Global Precipitation Climatology Project: First Algorithm Intecomparison Project","volume":"75","author":"Arkin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1175\/2011JHM1292.1","article-title":"Evaluation of high-resolution satellite rainfall products through streamflow simulation in a hydrological modeling of a small mountainous watershed in Ethiopia","volume":"13","author":"Bitew","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.3390\/w6051221","article-title":"Sensitivity of distributed hydrologic simulations to ground and satellite based rainfall products","volume":"6","author":"Chintalapudi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-006-9106-x","article-title":"Flood and landslide applications of near real-time satellite rainfall products","volume":"43","author":"Hong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-11-042.1","article-title":"Intercomparison of high-resolution precipitation products over Northwest Europe","volume":"13","author":"Kidd","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sahlu, D., Nikolopoulos, E., Moges, E., Anagnostou, E., and Hailu, D. (2016). First evaluation of the Integrated Multi-satellitE Retireval for GPM Day-1 IMERG over the upper Blue Nile Basin. J. Hydrometeorol.","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-15-0230.1"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2014.01.076","article-title":"Examination of water budget using satellite products over Australia","volume":"511","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1007\/s13351-013-0510-3","article-title":"Lightning activity and precipitation characteristics of typhoon Molave around its landfall","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Meteorol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-12-017.1","article-title":"Evaluation of the high-resolution CMORPH satellite rainfall product using dense rain gauge observations and radar-based estimates","volume":"13","author":"Habib","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-15-107-2011","article-title":"Hydroclimatology of Lake Victoria region using hydrologic model and satellite remote sensing data","volume":"15","author":"Khan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2010.2057513","article-title":"Satellite remote sensing and hydrologic modeling for flood inundation mapping in Lake Victoria basin: Implications for hydrologic prediction in ungauged basins","volume":"49","author":"Khan","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.9521","article-title":"A \u2018Peak-Box\u2019 approach for supporting interpretation and verification of operational ensemble peak-flow forecasts","volume":"27","author":"Zappa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"381","article-title":"Hydrometeorological analysis and remote sensing of extremes: Was the July 2012 Beijing flood event detectable and predictable by Global Satellite Observing and Global Weather Modeling Systems?","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JHM814.1","article-title":"Product-error-driven uncertainty model for probabilistic quantitative precipitation estimation with NEXRAD data","volume":"8","author":"Ciach","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.08.213","article-title":"Evaluation of eight high spatial resolution gridded precipitation products in Adige Basin (Italy) at multiple temporal and spatial scales","volume":"573","author":"Duan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-88-1-47","article-title":"Comparison of near-real-time precipitation estimates from satellite observations and numerical models","volume":"88","author":"Ebert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2013.11.011","article-title":"Evaluation and comparison of satellite precipitation estimates with reference to local area in the Mediteranean Sea","volume":"138","author":"Hsu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wse.2016.06.002","article-title":"Evaluation of latest TMPA and CMORPH satellite precipitation products over Yellow River Basin","volume":"9","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-13-0194.1","article-title":"Error analysis of satellite precipitation products in mountainous basins","volume":"15","author":"Mei","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2010.2048418","article-title":"Analysis of spatial similarities between NEXRAD and NLDAS precipitation data products","volume":"3","author":"Nan","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ning, S.W., Wang, J., Jin, J.L., and Ishidaira, H. (2016). Assessment of the latest GPM-Era high-resolution satellite precipitation products by comparison with Observation Gauge Data over the Chinese Mainland. Water, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/w8110481"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2013.12.007","article-title":"On the uncertainties in validating satellite instantaneous rainfall estimates with raingauge operational network","volume":"144","author":"Milani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-12-015.1","article-title":"High-resolution vertical profiles of X-band polarimetric radar observables during snowfall in the Swiss Alps","volume":"52","author":"Schneebeli","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skofronick-Jackson, G., Petersen, W.A., Berg, W., Kidd, C.F., Stocker, E., Kirschbaum, D.B., Kakar, R., Braun, S.A., Huffman, G.J., and Iguchi, T. (2016). The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission for science and society. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-15-00306.1"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3931","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2014.2320960","article-title":"Evaluation of precipitation estimation by at-Launch codes of GPM\/DPR algorithms using synthetic data from TRMM\/PR observations","volume":"7","author":"Kubota","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Huffman, G.J., Bolvin, D.T., Braithwaite, D., Hsu, K., Joyce, R., and Xie, P. (2015, June 11). Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD) Version 4.5 NASA Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG), Available online: https:\/\/pmm.nasa.gov\/index.php?q=data-access\/downloads\/gpm\/IMERGAlgorithmTheoreticalBasisDocument(ATBD)."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Huffman, G.J., Bolvin, D.T., Braithwaite, D., Hsu, K., Joyce, R., and Xie, P. (2014, April 26). Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD) Version 4.4 for the NASA Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (I-MERG), Available online: http:\/pmm.nasa.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/document_files\/IMERG_ATBD_V4.4.pdf."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-14-00017.1","article-title":"Global view of real-time TRMM multisatellite precipitation analysis: Implications for its successor global precipitation measurement mission","volume":"96","author":"Yong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM560.1","article-title":"The TRMM Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA): Quasi-global, multiyear, combined-sensor precipitation estimates at fine scales","volume":"8","author":"Huffman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-11-022.1","article-title":"Kalman filter-based CMORPH","volume":"12","author":"Joyce","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1175\/JAM2173.1","article-title":"Precipitation estimation from remotely sensed imagery using an Artificial Neural Network Cloud Classification System","volume":"43","author":"Hong","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Huffman, G.J., Bolvin, D.T., Braithwaite, D., Hsu, K., Joyce, R., Kidd, C., Nelkin, E.J., Sorooshian, S., Tan, J., and Xie, P. (2017, June 18). Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD) Version 4.6 NASA Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG), Available online: https:\/\/pmm.nasa.gov\/index.php?q=data-access\/downloads\/gpm."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Huffman, G.J., Bolvin, D.T., Nelkin, E.J., and Stocher, E.F. (2017, June 18). V04 IMERG Final Run Release Notes. NASA 1\u20132, Available online: https:\/\/pmm.nasa.gov\/data-access\/downloads\/gpm\/V04IMERGFinalRunReleaseNotes."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, F.R., and Li, X. (2016). Evaluation of IMERG and TRMM 3B43 monthly precipitation products over Mainland China. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8060472"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2016.02.020","article-title":"Stepanian Early assessment of Integrated multi-satellitE Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement over China","volume":"176\u2013177","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2016.07.020","article-title":"Statistical assessment and hydrological utility of the latest multi-satellite precipitation analysis IMERG in Ganjiang River basin","volume":"183","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s40808-016-0200-0","article-title":"Effects of satellite based rainfall products on river basin responses of runoff simulation on flood event","volume":"2","author":"Pakoksung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Model. Earth Syst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Prakash, S., Mitra, A.K., AghaKouchak, A., Liu, Z., Norouzi, H., and Pai, D.S. (2016). A preliminary assessment of GPM-based multi-satellite precipitation estimates over a monsoon dominated region. J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advwatres.2015.11.008","article-title":"From TRMM to GPM: How well can heavy rainfall be detected from space?","volume":"88","author":"Prakash","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Water Resour."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2015.12.008","article-title":"Evaluation of GPM Day-1 IMERG and TMPA Version-7 legacy products over Mainland China at multiple spatiotemporal scales","volume":"533","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"121","article-title":"Statistical and hydrological comparisons between TRMM and GPM Level-3 Products over a midlatitude basin: Is Day-1 IMERG a good successor for TMPA 3B42V7?","volume":"7","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.2151\/jmsj.87A.137","article-title":"A Kalman filter approach to the Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP) from combined passive microwave and infrared radiometric data","volume":"87A","author":"Ushio","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13060","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD019964","article-title":"Similarity and difference of the two successive V6 and V7 TRMM multisatellite precipitation analysis performance over China","volume":"118","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"D02114","article-title":"Performance of highresolution satellite precipitation products over China","volume":"115","author":"Shen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Liang, J. (2012). Study of the Influences of Monsoon Gyres on Formation and Sudden Track Change of Typhoons. [Master\u2019s Thesis, College of Atmospheric Science, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology]."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-011-0537-2","article-title":"Precipitation climate of central Asia and the large-scale atmospheric circulation","volume":"108","author":"Bothe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"279","article-title":"Interpolationmethods of China daily precipitation data","volume":"21","author":"Shen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"D24101","article-title":"Component analysis of errors in satellitebased precipitation estimates","volume":"114","author":"Tian","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1175\/2009WAF2222350.1","article-title":"Equitability revisited: Why the \u201cEquitable Threat Score\u201d is not equitable","volume":"25","author":"Hogan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Weather Forecast."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"148","article-title":"Feature analyses of mesoscale convective system of a heavy rainfall in the Central Shaanxi Plain","volume":"33","author":"Mu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plateau Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2016.07.437","article-title":"Evaluation of high-resolution satellite rainfall data over Singapore","volume":"154","author":"Hur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Amlien, J. (2008). Remote Sensing of Snow with Passive Microwave Radiometers: A Review of Current Algorithms, Norsk Regnesentral. Report No. 1019."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2649","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-15-2649-2011","article-title":"Evaluation of TRMM multi-satellite precipitation analysis (TMPA) performance in the central Andes region and its dependency on spatial and temporal resolution","volume":"15","author":"Scheel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth. Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM574.1","article-title":"Evaluation of PERSIANN-CCS rainfall measurement using the NAME event rain gauge network","volume":"8","author":"Hong","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4097","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160701772526","article-title":"Validation of high-resolution satellite rainfall products over complex terrain","volume":"29","author":"Dinku","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-013-0917-x","article-title":"Assessing the performance of satellite-based precipitation products and its dependence on topography over Poyang Lake basin","volume":"115","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ning, S.W., Song, F., Udmale, P., Jin, J.L., Thapa, B.R., and Ishidaira, H. (2017). Error analysis and evaluation of the latest GSMap and IMERG precipitation products over Eastern China. Adv. Meteorol., 2017.","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1803492"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(2003)042<0331:VOTRRD>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Validation of TRMM radar rainfall data overmajor climatic regions in Africa","volume":"42","author":"Adeyewa","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-011-0509-6","article-title":"Validation of high-resolution TRMM-3B43 precipitation product using rain gauge measurement over Kyrgyzstan","volume":"108","author":"Karaseva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-13-047.1","article-title":"Improvement of high-resolution satellite rainfall product for typhoon Morakot (2009) over Taiwan","volume":"14","author":"Taniguchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1998)055<1583:ASMFPM>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A screening methodology for passive microwave precipitation retrieval algorithms","volume":"55","author":"Ferraro","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JHM859.1","article-title":"Multitemporal analysis of TRMM-based satellite precipitation products for land data assimilation applications","volume":"8","author":"Tian","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1995)034<1143:AIOGOA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"An intercomparison of gauge observations and satellite estimates on monthly precipitation","volume":"34","author":"Xie","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2013.07.023","article-title":"Multi-scale evaluation of high-resolution multi-sensor blended global precipitation products over the Yangtze River","volume":"500","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-009-9079-x","article-title":"Review of the different sources of uncertainty in single polarization radar-based estimates of rainfall","volume":"31","author":"Villarini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Surv. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-12-030.1","article-title":"Comparison of TRMM 2A25 products, Version 6 and Version 7 with NOAA\/NSSL ground radar-based National Mosaic QPE","volume":"14","author":"Kirstetter","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, S., Liu, H.J., You, Y.L., Mullens, E., Hu, J.J., Yuan, Y., Huang, M., He, L., Luo, Y., and Zeng, X. (2014). Evaluation of high-resolution precipitation estimates from satellites during July 2012 Beijing flood event using dense rain gauge observations. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089681"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Z.Q., Qin, Y.X., Shen, Y., and Zhang, S.P. (2016). Evaluation of Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation project daily precipitation estimates over the Chinese mainland. Adv. Meteorol., 2016.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9365294"},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Adler, R., Sapiano, M., Huffman, G., Bolvin, D., Gu, G., Wang, J., Nelkin, E., Xie, P., Chiu, L., and Ferraro, R. (2016, July 20). The New Version 2.3 of the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) Monthly Analysis Product. Available online: http:\/\/eagle1.umd.edu\/GPCP_ICDR\/GPCPmonthlyV2.3.pdf."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) (2017, July 01). Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) MISSION, Available online: http:\/\/rain.atmos.colostate.edu\/ATBD\/ATBD_GPM_June1_2017.pdf."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) (2017). Release Notes for GPROF V5 Public Release."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) (2017, June 17). Caveat for Use of GPM Global Rainfall Map (GPM-GSMaP). Available online: http:\/\/sharaku.eorc.jaxa.jp\/GSMaP\/index.htm."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/1\/34\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:55:31Z","timestamp":1760208931000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/1\/34"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,25]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["rs10010034"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs10010034","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,25]]}}}