{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T01:57:03Z","timestamp":1767664623058,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,26]],"date-time":"2017-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The National Science Foundation of China","award":["41401537"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41401537"]}]},{"name":"The Basic Scientific Fund for National Public Research Institutes of China","award":["2015P13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015P13"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In an airborne laser bathymetry system, the full-waveform echo signal is usually recorded by discrete sampling. The accuracy of signal recognition and the amount of effective information that can be extracted by conventional methods are limited. To improve the validity and reliability of airborne laser bathymetry data and to extract more information to better understand the water reflection characteristics, we select the effective portion of the original waveform for further research, suppress random noise, and decompose the selected portion progressively using the half-wavelength Gaussian function with the time sequence of the received echo signals. After parameter optimization, a reasonable and effective reflection component selection mechanism is established to obtain accurate parameters for the reflected components. The processing strategy proposed in this paper reduces the problems of unreasonable decomposition and the reflected pulse peak-position shift caused by echo waveform superposition and offers good precision for waveform decomposition and peak detection. In another experiment, the regional processing result shows an obvious improvement in the shallow water area, and the bottom point cloud is as accurate as the intelligent waveform digitizer (IWD), a subsystem of airborne laser terrain mapping (ALTM). These findings confirm that the proposed method has high potential for application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10010035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,26]],"date-time":"2017-12-26T11:13:23Z","timestamp":1514286803000},"page":"35","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Gaussian Half-Wavelength Progressive Decomposition Method for Waveform Processing of Airborne Laser Bathymetry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8345-0848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, No. 8, Fo Cheng Xi Rd., Jiang Ning District, Nanjing 210098, China"},{"name":"The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, No. 6, Xian Xia Ling Rd., Lao Shan District, Qingdao 266061, China"}]},{"given":"Wenxue","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, No. 6, Xian Xia Ling Rd., Lao Shan District, Qingdao 266061, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4746-6479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanxiong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, No. 8, Fo Cheng Xi Rd., Jiang Ning District, Nanjing 210098, China"},{"name":"The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, No. 6, Xian Xia Ling Rd., Lao Shan District, Qingdao 266061, China"}]},{"given":"Xiufeng","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, No. 8, Fo Cheng Xi Rd., Jiang Ning District, Nanjing 210098, China"}]},{"given":"Ziwen","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, No. 6, Xian Xia Ling Rd., Lao Shan District, Qingdao 266061, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.2112\/JCOASTRES-D-11-00017.1","article-title":"Beach profiling and LiDAR bathymetry: An overview with case studies","volume":"27","author":"Klemas","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"865","article-title":"Estimation of inherent optical properties from czmil LiDAR","volume":"9262","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.3794","article-title":"Evaluating the capabilities of the casi hyperspectral imaging system and aquarius bathymetric LiDAR for measuring channel morphology in two distinct river environments","volume":"41","author":"Legleiter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Earth Surface Processes Landf."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsannals-II-5-W2-175-2013","article-title":"Analyzing near water surface penetration in laser bathymetry-a case study at the river pielach","volume":"2","author":"Mandlburger","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"15","article-title":"Next-Generation Airborne Laser Scanning System VQ-880-G Demonstrates Improvement With US Coastal Testing","volume":"56","author":"Pfennigbauer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sea Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parker, H., and Sinclair, M. (2012, January 21\u201324). The successful application of Airborne LiDAR Bathymetry surveys using latest technology. Proceedings of the Oceans MTS\/IEEE Conference, Yeosu, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/OCEANS-Yeosu.2012.6263588"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2010.07.002","article-title":"Capabilities of the bathymetric hawk eye LiDAR for coastal habitat mapping: A case study within a basque estuary","volume":"89","author":"Chust","year":"2010","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2112\/SI76-004","article-title":"Optimization of data collection and refinement of post-processing techniques for maritime Canada\u2019s first shallow water topographic-bathymetric LiDAR survey","volume":"76","author":"Webster","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2006.09.001","article-title":"Range determination with waveform recording laser systems using a wiener filter","volume":"61","author":"Jutzi","year":"2006","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.1959","article-title":"Comparison of LiDAR waveform processing methods for very shallow water bathymetry using raman, near-infrared and green signals","volume":"35","author":"Allouis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Earth Surface Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.25.002059","article-title":"Sea surface and depth detection in the wrelads airborne depth sounder","volume":"25","author":"Billard","year":"1986","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1109\/36.481893","article-title":"One-dimensional signal processing techniques for airborne laser bathymetry","volume":"34","author":"Wong","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1109\/36.101370","article-title":"Characterization and decomposition of waveforms for Larsen 500 airborne system","volume":"29","author":"Wong","year":"1991","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"400","article-title":"Analysis of the airborne laser scanning bathymetry errors","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geomat. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"351","article-title":"A signal processing approach to fair surface design","volume":"Volume 29","author":"Taubin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5133","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70505133","article-title":"Performance Assessment of High Resolution Airborne Full Waveform LiDAR for Shallow River Bathymetry","volume":"7","author":"Pan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"201","article-title":"From Single-pulse to full-waveform airborne laser scanners","volume":"35","author":"Wagner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Potential Pract. Chall."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S240","DOI":"10.5589\/m08-044","article-title":"Evaluation of waveform deconvolution and decomposition retrieval algorithms for icesat\/glas data","volume":"34","author":"Neuenschwander","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2014.11.005","article-title":"A comparison of waveform processing algorithms for single-wavelength LiDAR bathymetry","volume":"101","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1109\/36.851780","article-title":"Decomposition of laser altimeter waveforms","volume":"38","author":"Hofton","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2005.12.001","article-title":"Gaussian decomposition and calibration of a novel small-footprint full-waveform digitising airborne laser scanner","volume":"60","author":"Wagner","year":"2006","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"2","article-title":"Waveform processing of laser pulses for reconstruction of surfaces in urban areas","volume":"2","author":"Jutzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"103","article-title":"Visualization and analysis of full-waveform airborne laser scanner data","volume":"36","author":"Persson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-3707(02)00042-X","article-title":"Icesat\u2019s laser measurements of polar ice, atmosphere, ocean, and land","volume":"34","author":"Zwally","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Geodyn."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Cheng, H. (2015). Study on the Signal Processing of LiDAR. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences]."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2012.2194692","article-title":"Wavelet analysis for icesat\/glas waveform decomposition and its application in average tree height estimation","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A851","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.00A851","article-title":"Estimation of coniferous forest aboveground biomass with aggregated airborne small-footprint LiDAR full-waveforms","volume":"25","author":"Qin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160903380599","article-title":"Rigorous pulse detection from full-waveform airborne laser scanning data","volume":"31","author":"Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"10","article-title":"Grey Euclid Relation Grade","volume":"23","author":"Zhao","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Guangxi Univ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2011.2180506","article-title":"Wa-lid: A new LiDAR simulator for waters","volume":"9","author":"Abdallah","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1145\/965161.806819","article-title":"A Reflectance Model for Computer Graphics","volume":"15","author":"Cook","year":"1982","journal-title":"Comput. Gr."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"International Hydrographic Bureau (IHO) (1998). IHO Standards for Hydrographic Surveys, International Hydrographic Bureau."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/1\/35\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:55:35Z","timestamp":1760208935000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/1\/35"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,26]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["rs10010035"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs10010035","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,26]]}}}